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[Impact of Truman] What committee did he create?
FEPC
[Impact of Truman] How did his pro-civil rights speeches help blacks?
national audience (reached the white mainstream) - television era
[Impact of Truman] What fractional party was formed?
dixiecrats
[Impact of Truman] What was the impact of Shelly V Kramer in 1948?
wasn’t enforced effectively
[Impact of Truman] What about legislation passed?
no legislation was passed under truman (failed to get congress onside) however he did pass executive orders 9980 and 9981
[Impact of Truman] What organisation did he publicly support?
NAACP
[Impact of Truman] What was significant and Truman’s executive orders?
examples of direct presidential involvement
marked significant intervension
[Impact of Truman] What did his 1948 housing initiatives lead to and why?
levittowns - de jure change does not always have the desired effect
[Brown V Board] What did the ruling say?
separate but equal has not constitutional place in education
[Brown V Board] What does it overturn?
Plessy V Ferguson
[Brown V Board] Why was it considered a triumph for NAACP litigation strategy?
seemed to remove all constitutional sanctions for racial segregation by overturning Plessy V Ferguson
[Brown V Board] What was Brown 2?
intergration must be accomplished ‘with deliberate speed’.
[Brown V Board] What were quickly formed and what was revitalised as a reaction to the ruling?
white citizens’ councils were quickly formed and the KKK revitalised
[Brown V Board] What did acceptance of the ruling look like?
It was varied - 70% of schools desegregated within the year
[Brown V Board] what did the ruling inspire?
future activism - little rock
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] When was it?
1955-56
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] Who organised it?
MWPC
NAACP (de jure aid)
M.I.A
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] how many boycotted?
Montgomery’s 50,000 black population
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What change came about as a result?
segregated buses ruled unconstitutional in Browder V Gayle (1956)
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] When did desegregated buses begin operating as a result of the boycott?
december 1956
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] How long was the boycott planned to be and how long was it actually?
1 day - actually lasted a little over a year
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What inspired the boycott?
The Brown V Board ruling of 1954
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What leader emerged as a result of the boycott?
Martin Luther King
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] Membership of white citizens’ council’s rose from what to what during February and March 1956?
6,000 to 12,000
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What did King stress?
non-violent protest
not passive resistance
‘active non-violent resistance to evil’
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What did the boycott demonstrate?
the power of a whole black community using direct non-violent action
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] How much did businesses loose as a result?
$1 million
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What did the boycott advertise?
an effective alternative to NAACP’s litigation tactic
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What was boosted?
black morale
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] Give an example of black morale being boosted after the boycott?
KKK response to Browder V Gayle = sending 40 carloads of robed and hooded members through montgomery’s black community
Residents did not retreat behind closed doors as usual, but came out and waved at the motorcade
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What did the boycott inspire?
similar successful bus boycotts in twenty southern cities
individuals such as melba pattillo (little rock)
more northern white support
more cooperation between black northerners and southerners
[Montgomery Bus Boycott] What did King set up after the boycott?
1957
[Little Rock Nine] What was Little Rock a reaction to?
The Brown V Board ruling
[Little Rock Nine] when was it?
1957
[Little Rock Nine] Where was it?
Little Rock Arkansas, Central High School
[Little Rock Nine] What happened?
nine black children tried to enter Central High school - A white mob tried to stop them
[Little Rock Nine] Why did it happen?
White schools were better and in Brown V Board, the supreme court had ruled pro-intergration
Many blacks wanted intergrated schools whereas whites did not
[Little Rock Nine] Who was the Arkansas Governor at the time?
Governor Orval Faubus
[Little Rock Nine] What did Faubus do to exacerbate the situation?
decided to exploit white racism to ensure his re-election
ordered the national guard to keep black students out of central high
[Little Rock Nine] What was Eisenhower’s response to the white mob?
sent in federal troops to protect the black children
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] What did Little Rock show?
how Brown met tremendous grassroots resistance in practice
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] What ruling happened after Brown (not as a result but showing that the supreme court stood by their decision)?
1958 - Cooper V Aaron - any law seeking to keep public schools segregated was unconstitutional
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] What did Faubus do instead of intergrating?
closed the schools
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] How many times was Faubus re-elcted, showing what?
4 times - showing the continuation of the appeal of racist attitudes in the south
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] When did Central High finally intergrate?
1960
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] When did other Little Rock schools finally intergrate?
1972
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] What did Little Rock demonstrate and how did it do so?
the increased importance of the media to black progress
images of black children being harassed and spat at influenced moderate white americans
[Little Rock Nine - results and significance] Perhaps the most significant result of Little Rock was what?
confirmed the belief of some black americans that they could not rely upon court decisions
needed to do more of the direct, non-violent action that had been successful during the montgomery bus boycott
[significance of Eisenhower - intervention] Why did Eisenhower say he acted when it came to Little Rock?
because of his ‘inescapble’ responsibility for enforcing the law
[significance of Eisenhower - intervention] How did Eisenhower try to rally the nation in support of the Little Rock Nine?
by saying America’s Soviet enemies were making propaganda capital out of Little Rock - saw it as making america look bad
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1960] Why did he introduce the second bill?
he was concerned about bombings of black schools and churches
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1960] Why did it become law?
both parties (dems and reps) sought the black vote in the presidential election year
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1960] What did the act do?
made it a federal crime to obstruct court ordered school deseg
established penalities for obstructing black voting
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1960] What percentage of black voters were added to the electoral role during 1960 as a result?
3%
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1957] Why was the bill proposed?
in order to win the black vote in the 1956 election
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1957] what did the bill aim to do?
ensure all citizens could exercise the right to vote
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1957] What percentage of southern blacks were not yet registered to vote?
80%
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1957] What happened to the strength of the bill and why?
a much weaker act was passed that did little to help blacks due to strong southern opposition
[significance of Eisenhower - Civil Rights Acts 1957] what did the act establish? [2]
a civil rights division in the justice department
a federal civil rights commission to monitor race relations
[significance of Eisenhower - Summary] What were some good aspects of the Eisenhower years?
sometimes forced to intervene - top down progress
supreme court rulings pro-equality
northern whites often anti-jim crow
more activism, heroes and heroines
[significance of Eisenhower - Summary] What were some bad aspects of the Eisenhower years?
not keen to intervene
supreme court had to intervene
southern whites opposed intergration - massive barrier to real change (seen in civil rights act)
northern and southern blacks had different problems (no universal organised movement)
[significance of Eisenhower - Summary] How does he compare to Truman?
seems Eisenhower is doing this for his own benefit (to gain the black vote) rather than his own personal beliefs - can argue that his efforts are weaker than Truman’s because of this
Eisenhower passed more legislation
[SCLC] Why was it established?
King considered an organisation that focused upon the south a necessity while the national organisations were weakened
[SCLC] What did King hope about the creation of a religious organisation?
would suffer less persecution
[SCLC] What did King feel were needed
he felt that new tactics were needed
the NAACP’s legal challenges had demolished ‘separate but equal’ but de jure segregation continued in the south
[SCLC] Did the organisation achieve much in its first three years?
no - march in washington DC in 1957 attracted around 20,000 people but other than that not much else
[SCLC] what did the organisation arouse?
antagonism within black leaders
[SNCC] what was the organisation based on?
a younger generation of students who were impatient with the lack of progress in the achievement of civil rights
[SNCC] What wave of protests did SNCC start?
Sit ins
[SNCC] How did the sit ins start?
a group of four AA north carolina college students entered the local woolworths store in Greensboro to mount a protest at the segregated lunch counter
[SNCC] How many students were involved in the sit ins across the southern states?
70,000
[SNCC] What was the result of the sit ins?
Woolworths did eventually desegregate its lunch counter the following year
[SNCC] What was AA opinion on the sit ins?
divided - many parents blamed SNCC for the imprisonment of their children or their expulsion from college
[SNCC] What did the Sit ins confirm?
direct action was the new focus of black activism
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] When was CORE established and by who?
1942 by James Farmer
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] What did CORE believe in?
passive resistance to segregation
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] When were the freedom rides?
1961
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] What were the Freedom Rides aiming to test?
aimed to test supreme court rulings against seg on interstate transport and on interstate bus facilities
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] What did the rides publicise?
southern white racism and lawlessness in the south
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] What were the rides designed to do?
provoke a reaction from white racists and the intervention of the federal govt
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] The kennedy administration were embarassed by the rides. What did Attorney general Robert Kennedy (the pres. brother) make attempts to do?
protect the riders
[CORE and the Freedom Rides] What did Attorney General Robert Kennedy force the interstate commerce commission to do?
prohibit seg facilities in sep 1961
[James Meredith] What did James Meredith test?
the kennedy administration’s commitment to civil rights
[James Meredith] When did it happen?
1962
[James Meredith] What did Meredith attempt to do?
register as the first AA student at the Uni of Mississippi
[James Meredith] When the governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, opposed the administration, what did Attorney General Robert Kennedy do?
sent 500 federal marshals to ensure the enrolement
[SCLC and Birmingham] Why did the SCLC choose birmingham?
felt it needed to demonstrate it could be dynamic and successful (increasing attractiveness of black nationalism)
NAACP and SNCC were relatively inactive in Birmingham
influential white businessmen felt racism held the city back
America’s ‘worst big city’ for racism - likely to produce violent white oppression
[SCLC and Birmingham] What was birmingham considered for King?
king’s first great triumph
[SCLC and Birmingham] What did King do in Birmingham?
protests and demonstrations
[SCLC and Birmingham] What happened in Birmingham in April 1963?
Water cannon and dogs were used and demonstrators were beated by police
[SCLC and Birmingham] What happened to King as a result of the events in April 1963?
he was arrested and wrote a letter called ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’.
[SCLC and Birmingham] What was the significance of king’s letter from birmingham jail?
influential and highly effective defence of non-violent action
[SCLC and Birmingham] How many young marchers from April where in custody?
500
[SCLC and Birmingham] What was the SCLC aim in terms of arrests?
filling the jails
[SCLC and Birmingham] what did the violent response of Public Safety Commissioner ‘Bull’ Connor do for the protest?
brought publicity to the campaign
[SCLC and Birmingham] What obtained king’s release from Birmingham jail?
his wife Coretta’s phone call to Pres Kennedy
[SCLC and Birmingham] What was reached as a result of the campaign?
an agreement was reached to improve black opportunities in Birmingham
[SCLC and Birmingham] Who tried to stop the improvements in Birmingham and how did they do this?
The KKK
bombed King’s brother’s house and king’s motel room
[SCLC and Birmingham - result and significance] What changed in Birmingham?
Little changed in Birminham itself
[SCLC and Birmingham - result and significance] What did the campaign inspire?
protests throughout the south