8/8/25 - Use Conventions of Standard English Punctuation (E.1.2)

When should a comma be placed before a conjunction?

In a compound sentence, place a comma before the conjunction that joins the independent clauses.

Where should a comma be placed after an introductory element?

After an introductory phrase or clause.

When should commas be placed around phrases or clauses?

Around dependent phrases/clauses or nonessential elements that interrupt the main clause.

What is the Oxford comma?

The comma before the 'and' in a simple series; it’s a style preference, not a strict rule.

When should commas be placed between adjectives?

Between two or more coordinate adjectives describing the same noun (if 'and' works between them, they are coordinate).

What is an indirect quotation?

A paraphrase of someone’s words or ideas without quotation marks, but still citing the source.

What is a direct quotation?

Exact words from another person placed inside quotation marks, with punctuation inside the quotation marks.

Where is the comma placed when introducing a quotation?

After the introductory phrase, before the opening quotation mark.

Where is the comma placed if the speaker’s name follows the quotation?

Inside the quotation marks, before the closing quotation mark.

What is plagiarism in the context of quotations?

Using someone else’s exact words without quotation marks or credit.

What is an independent clause?

A clause with a subject and verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

What is a dependent clause?

A clause lacking a subject or complete thought; cannot stand alone.

How is a simple sentence punctuated?

With only an end mark; contains one independent clause.

How is a complex sentence punctuated when starting with a subordinate clause?

Use a comma after the subordinate clause before the independent clause.

How is a compound sentence punctuated?

Use a comma before the conjunction or a semicolon between related independent clauses.