2nd Quarter A PUSH Exam

Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which doubled the size of the United States and provided control of the Mississippi River.

Lewis and Clark

An expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark from 1804 to 1806 to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.

Marbury v Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to invalidate laws that it found to conflict with the Constitution.

Midnight Judges

Judges appointed by President John Adams just before he left office in 1801. This case established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to assess whether a law is in compliance with the Constitution, which was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v Madison.

How could the election of Jefferson be characterized as a revolution in 1800?

The election of Jefferson in 1800 can be characterized as a revolution because it marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the U.S., signaling the decline of the Federalist influence and the rise of Democratic-Republican ideals.

What were Jefferson’s beliefs and how did they play out during his presidency?

Jefferson believed in limited government, agrarianism, and states' rights, advocating for a strict interpretation of the Constitution. During his presidency, he reduced federal power, cut taxes, and emphasized individual liberties, while also navigating the challenges of the Louisiana Purchase.

Commerical farming

A type of agriculture where crops are grown primarily for sale and profit rather than for personal consumption. Jefferson supported this as a means to promote economic independence and expand the nation.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry or commerce, influencing productivity and efficiency in agriculture and other sectors.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the development and use of transportation systems, including canals, railroads, and roads, which significantly changed trade and movement of goods in the early 19th century.

Erie Canal

A major engineering project completed in 1825 that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, significantly lowering transportation costs and facilitating trade in the interior of New York and beyond.

American System

An economic plan that aimed to strengthen and unify the nation through internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs, developed in the early 19th century.

Internal Improvements

Refers to infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and canals aimed at enhancing transportation and economic growth in the United States during the 19th century.

2nd Bank of the US

A national bank chartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy and manage the nation's finances, it played a critical role in implementing the American System.

Lowell Factories

textile manufacturing facilities in Lowell, Massachusetts, known for employing young women in the 19th century.

How do improvements in transportation lead to the growth of a market economy?

Improvements in transportation facilitate faster and cheaper movement of goods and people, expanding market access and encouraging trade, which ultimately stimulates economic growth.

What areas of the country were most likely to support internal improvements?

Regions with strong agricultural and industrial bases, such as the Northeast and Midwest, were most likely to support internal improvements.

How does the Market Revolution foster more regional specialization?

The Market Revolution fosters regional specialization by enhancing transportation and communication, allowing regions to focus on specific industries and agricultural products in which they have a comparative advantage, thus promoting economic interdependence.

Judicial Nationalism

refers to the use of judicial power to promote national interests and unity, often through landmark Supreme Court decisions that emphasize the supremacy of federal authority and the importance of a unified nation.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.

McCullock v Maryland

A landmark Supreme Court case that established federal supremacy over state law and confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Corrupt Bargain

A political scandal involving the alleged backroom dealing during the 1824 presidential election, where John Quincy Adams reportedly made a deal with Henry Clay to secure the presidency in exchange for appointing Clay as Secretary of State.

Hartford Convetion

A series of meetings in 1814-1815 where New England Federalists gathered to discuss their grievances against the War of 1812 and proposed amendments to the Constitution, reflecting regional dissatisfaction.

War of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over trade restrictions and impressment of American sailors.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native American tribes against American expansion and played a crucial role in the War of 1812.

war Hawks

A group of young Congress members from the South and West in the early 1800s who advocated for war against Great Britain, believing it would unite the nation and expand territory.

How does the US relationship with Britain begin to change after the War of 1812?

The relationship shifted towards a more peaceful and cooperative stance, leading to improved trade and diplomatic relations, as both nations recognized the benefits of avoiding further conflict.

Was this era really one of Good Feeling? Explain

The Era of Good Feelings, following the War of 1812, was marked by a sense of national unity and political harmony; however, underlying tensions such as economic issues and regional disagreements hinted at division.

Despite the name, the Era of Good Feelings had underlying tensions between the growing North and South, economic challenges, and political discord that foreshadowed future conflicts.

What role did the Supreme Court play in ensuring Federal Power?

The Supreme Court played a critical role in interpreting the Constitution and establishing federal authority over states in landmark cases, thus strengthening the power of the federal government.

Whig Party

A political party founded in the 1830s, opposing the Democratic Party, that supported modernization, economic protectionism, and federal government initiatives. The Whig Party attracted former National Republicans and others discontented with President Andrew Jackson's policies.

2nd Political Party System

The 2nd Political Party System in the United States, comprising the Democrats and Whigs, emerged in the 1830s and defined American political life, marked by intense electoral competition and differing ideologies.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional conflict during the 1830s where Southern states, particularly South Carolina, attempted to invalidate federal tariffs, leading to a confrontation over states' rights versus federal authority.

Indian Removal Act

A law passed in 1830 that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, leading to the tragic Trail of Tears.

Worchester v Georgia

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1832 that ruled the state of Georgia could not impose its laws on Cherokee tribal lands, affirming the sovereignty of Native American nations.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee, resulting in thousands of deaths due to harsh conditions and disease during the 1830s.

Veto of Bank

The refusal by President Andrew Jackson to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832, which he argued wielded too much power over the economy and favored the wealthy.

Specie Circular

An 1836 directive by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for government land be made in gold or silver, which contributed to the economic downturn.

Van Ruin

A derogatory term coined by critics of President Andrew Jackson, referring to his financial policies that led to economic instability and the Panic of 1837.

Spoils System

A practice initiated by President Andrew Jackson in which political leaders rewarded their supporters with government jobs, promoting loyalty but also leading to corruption.

Conventions

political meetings where party members gather to nominate candidates and formulate policies.

Tariff of Abominations

A controversial tariff passed in 1828 that raised duties on imported goods, leading to significant opposition in the Southern states and furthering regional tensions.

How had politics changed by the Age of Jackson?

Politics became more democratic, with increased participation from the common man, the rise of party loyalty, and the use of the spoils system, which fostered a more competitive political environment.

Explain the differences between a Whig and a Democrat during this period

The Whigs supported a strong federal government and economic modernization, while Democrats advocated for states' rights and agrarian interests, often appealing to the common man.

The Liberator

A prominent abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate emancipation of slaves and equal rights for African Americans.

W.L. Garrison

An influential abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate emancipation of all enslaved people.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A significant slave uprising that occurred in Virginia in 1831, led by Nat Turner, which aimed to overthrow slavery but resulted in severe repercussions and increased repression of enslaved people.

Gang v Task Labor

Two systems of labor used on plantations, where gang labor involved groups working together under supervision, and task labor allowed individuals to complete specific tasks at their own pace.

American Anti-Slavery Society

An organization founded in 1833 that sought to end slavery and promote African American rights, using moral persuasion and political action.

Liberty Party

A political party founded in 1840 that advocated for the abolition of slavery and sought to promote the rights of all individuals, emphasizing the importance of liberty and equality.

Give examples of the ways in which slaves subtly resisted slavery

Slaves resisted slavery through various forms of subtle defiance, such as work slowdowns, feigning illness, breaking tools, and preserving cultural traditions. These acts of resistance challenged the plantation system while allowing slaves to assert autonomy within oppressive conditions.

The Texas Question

Refers to the debate over the annexation of Texas into the United States, which fueled tensions between free and slave states.

Oregon v Texas

This case involved arguments over land claims and the legality of Texas's annexation, impacting political disputes between free and slave states in the U.S.

Mexican Cession

The territory ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 following the Mexican-American War, which included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

MAM War

The territory ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 following the Mexican-American War, which included present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

Texas Revolution

A conflict between Texas settlers and the Mexican government from 1835 to 1836, resulting in Texas gaining independence and later joining the United States.

Compromise of 1850

A series of laws passed to ease tensions between slave and free states, addressing the status of territories acquired from Mexico, including California's admission as a free state and stricter fugitive slave laws.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law enacted in 1850 that mandated the return of escaped slaves to their owners, requiring the cooperation of free states in the enforcement of slaveholder rights.

Mormonism

A religious movement founded by Joseph Smith in the early 19th century, emphasizing the Book of Mormon and practices such as polygamy.

California Gold Rush

A mass migration of people to California following the discovery of gold in 1848, leading to rapid economic and population growth in the region.

What united and divided Americans about Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable, uniting Americans in a sense of nationalism while dividing them over issues like slavery and indigenous rights.

In what ways might the MAM War be considered American Imperialism?

The Mexican-American War (MAM War) can be seen as American Imperialism as it involved the U.S. expanding its territory through military conquest, driven by the belief in Manifest Destiny, which justified the annexation of lands like Texas and California, often at the expense of Mexican sovereignty and indigenous populations.

Abolition

The movement to end slavery and promote equal rights for African Americans, gaining momentum in the 19th century.

Temperance

The social and political movement advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption, gaining significant traction in the 19th century.

Women’s Rights

The movement aimed at securing equal political, social, and economic rights for women, including the right to vote and access to education and employment.

Education

The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university, and advocating for equal access to education for all individuals.

Asylum Movement

A social reform movement in the 19th century aimed at improving the conditions and treatment of the mentally ill, advocating for their humane care and rehabilitation.

Seneca Falls Declaration

A landmark document produced at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which outlined the grievances and demands of women, including the call for suffrage and equality.

Horace Mann

An educational reformer and advocate for public education in the United States, often called the "Father of the American Public School System," who promoted professional training for teachers and universal education.

2nd Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized personal piety, emotional experience, and a commitment to social reform, inspiring various reform movements including abolition and women's rights.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical and literary movement in the early 19th century that emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature, advocating for self-reliance, individualism, and a deep spiritual connection to the natural world.

Why were people of this era interested in utopian communities and why did most of them fail?

People in this era were interested in utopian communities as they sought to create perfect societies based on idealistic principles and social reform. However, most of these communities failed due to internal conflicts, economic challenges, and external pressures.

In what ways did Abolition influence other reform movements in this era?

Abolition influenced other reform movements by highlighting issues of social justice and human rights, fostering alliances between different reform groups, and inspiring activists to advocate for women's rights, labor reforms, and temperance.

Missouri Compromise

Compromise of 1820, which aimed to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the U.S.

Tallmadge Amendment

An 1819 proposal to prohibit the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and to gradually emancipate enslaved children.

Gage Rule

A rule established in 1820 to maintain a balance between free and slave states as new territories were admitted to the Union.

Slave Power Compromise of 1850

A series of laws aimed at resolving territorial and slavery disputes following the Mexican-American War. It included the admission of California as a free state and the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act.

Wilmot Proviso

An unsuccessful 1846 proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War, intensifying sectional tensions.

Fugitive Slave Law

A set of laws enacted in 1850 that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners, penalizing anyone who aided in their escape.

In what ways were Americans able to compromise on the issue of slavery through the early 1850s?

Americans attempted to find a middle ground through legislative compromises such as the Compromise of 1850, which sought to balance slave and free states, and the Fugitive Slave Law, which aimed to appease Southern slaveholders.

Republican Party

A political party founded in the 1850s, primarily to oppose the expansion of slavery into the territories and advocate for free soil policies.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and fueled abolitionist sentiments in the North.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Act of 1854 that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing the settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery through popular sovereignty.

Bleeding Kansas

a series of violent confrontations in the Kansas territory between 1854 and 1859 over whether it would be a free or slave state, exemplifying the growing sectional conflict in the United States.

Dred Scott Decision

A landmark Supreme Court case from 1857 in which the Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories, further escalating tensions leading to the Civil War.

Caning of Charles Sumner

An incident in 1856 where Congressman Preston Brooks violently attacked Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the Senate chamber over Sumner's anti-slavery speech, symbolizing the intense sectional conflict.

John Brown’s Raid

a failed attempt by abolitionist John Brown in 1859 to initiate an armed slave revolt by taking over the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The raid heightened tensions between the North and South.

Fire-eater

a term used to describe a group of pro-slavery Democrats in the South during the 1840s and 1850s who advocated for the preservation and expansion of slavery and sought to incite Southern nationalism.

Know-Nothing Party

A political party in the 1850s that was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic, primarily composed of nativist Americans.

Compact Theory

the idea that the Constitution is a compact among sovereign states, which implies that states have the right to nullify federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

New England Emigrant Aid Society

An organization founded in 1854 to promote anti-slavery settlement in Kansas, helping to ensure that the territory would enter the Union as a free state.

LeCompton Constitution

A pro-slavery constitution drafted for Kansas in 1857, it was controversial and ultimately rejected by Congress, highlighting the conflicts over slavery in the territories.

Pottawatomie Massacre

A violent incident that occurred in May 1856, where abolitionist John Brown and his followers killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas as a response to the violence of pro-slavery factions.

How did immigration change and cause ethnic tension in American society in the decades leading up to the Civil War?

Immigration during this period brought large numbers of Irish and German immigrants, leading to significant cultural shifts and tensions, particularly as native-born Americans perceived these groups as threats to their jobs and societal norms.

Why was compromise no longer possible by 1860?

By 1860, the increasing polarization over slavery, fueled by events like the Dred Scott decision and John Brown's raid, made it clear that both sides had irreconcilable differences, rendering further compromise impossible.

Copperhead

A term used to describe Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sought an immediate peace with the Confederacy, often viewed as traitors by others.

War Democrat

A faction of the Democratic Party during the Civil War that supported the conflict and the preservation of the Union, advocating for military action against the Confederacy.

Gettysburg Address

A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, emphasizing national unity and the principles of liberty and equality.

It called for a new birth of freedom and reaffirmed the importance of democracy.

A historic speech by Abraham Lincoln delivered on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of a cemetery for Union soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It emphasized the principles of human equality and the importance of preserving the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

A presidential decree issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring the freedom of all enslaved persons in Confederate-held territory. It was a significant step toward abolishing slavery in the United States.

This executive order aimed to weaken the Confederacy by freeing enslaved people, enabling them to join the Union Army and further the fight for freedom.

Confiscation Acts

Act that allowed the federal government to seize Confederate property, including enslaved people, during the Civil War.

Trent Affair

A federal agency established in 1865 to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South after the Civil War, providing food, housing, medical aid, and education.