The French and Dutch Empires

T or F: French & Dutch used Indians as trading partners and military allies

True

French Colonization: What did the French aim to do?

aimed to find gold and to locate a North-West Passage

French Colonization: Who founded Quebec?

Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, marking the beginning of permanent French settlement in North America

French Colonization: New France eventually formed a giant arc along the ____, _____, and _____

• St. Lawrence

• Mississippi

• Ohio River Valley

French Colonization: New French inhabitants increased, so they sent fewer emigrants to the western Hemisphere. Why might that be?

government feared significant emigration would undermine France as a great power & might compromise trades/good relations w/ Indians

New France and the Indians: While they had its fur trade, NF depended on ____ relations w/ local Indians

friendly

New France and the Indians: Unlike the Spanish, the French…

• treated the Native Americans very humanely

• allowed religious toleration

• worked series of military, commercial, and diplomatic connections w/ Indians

New France: The French relied on Indians to supply what to trading posts?

fur

New France: Indians were introduced to what?

burgeoning economy & rivalries

New France: What was the middle ground

on the “middle ground” of the Upper Great Lakes in French America, whites and Indians encountered each other for many years on a basis of relative equality

Dutch Empire: What was Europe’s foremost shipping and banking center

Amsterdamn (Netherlands were thriving)

Dutch Empire: Dutch invented what?

joint-stock company: a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders

Dutch Freedom: Amsterdam was a haven for which group of people?

persecuted protestants

Dutch Freedom: What was their idea of liberty?

• freedom of press

• freedom of private religious practices

Freedom in New Netherlands

• slaves were given “half-freedom”

  • allowing them to work for pay and own property, but they were still subject to certain restrictions and obligations to their masters

• dutch women had rights (their own identity— not dependent on a man)

Dutch and Religious Toleration: What was the official religion?

Dutch Reformed Church: one of the protestant national churches to emerge from reformation

Dutch and Religious Toleration: T or F: you were allowed to have different religious practices, but they had to be done in private because they were consdiered a threat to godly, prosperous order

true

Settling New Netherlands: What incentives did the Dutch West India Company offer to settlers in New Netherland?

Religious freedom, cheap livestock, and labor after 6 years; access to profitable commerce

Settling New Netherlands: What were patroons in New Netherland?

Shareholders who transported tenants for agricultural labor and received large estates under the “Freedoms and Exemptions” plan (1629)

New Netherlands and Native Americans: How did the Dutch generally treat Native Americans in New Netherland?

Focused on trade, not conquest; recognized Native sovereignty but expected tribute/payments

New Netherlands and Native Americans: What was the result of Governor Kieft’s seizure of Native farmland?

A 3-year war in the 1640s with the Algonquian Indians

New Netherlands and Native Americans: Which Native group did the Dutch ally with through diplomacy?

The Iroquois Confederation

Borderlands and Empire in Early America: What is a borderland in early American history?

A place where cultures and geographical borders overlap and remain undefined; a space of cultural mixing and conflict