A body of land that is surrounded on three sides by water.
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Aegean Sea
An arm of the Mediterranean Sea, off the east coast
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of Greece.
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Colony
a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland
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Monarchy
state ruled over by a single person, as a king or queen
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Aristocrat
a member of a rich and powerful family
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Oligarchy
form of government in which a few people have the power
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Tyranny
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Democracy
A government in which power is held by the people, who exercise power directly or through elected representatives.
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Citizen
A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community
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Assembly
A group of citizens, in an ancient Greek democracy, with the power to pass laws.
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Athens
a city-state in ancient Greece; the capital of modern-day Greece
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Sparta
an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess
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Council of 500
A group of 500 Athenian citizens randomly elected for one year to propose laws in Athens
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Council of Elders
The 28 Spartans over the age of 60 that helped make laws
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Peloponnesus
the southern peninsula of Greece, dominated by ancient Sparta.
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Agora
the marketplace in ancient Greece
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Persian Wars
A series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (5th century B.C.).
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Persian Empire
a vast empire of southwest Asia founded by Cyrus II after 546 B.C. and brought to the height of its power and glory by Darius I and his son Xerxes
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Cavalry
soldiers on horseback
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Parthenon
temple in Athens built to honor the goddess Athena
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Acropolis
a large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs
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Heliot
Spartan slave
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Marathon
a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
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Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
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Solon
Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred
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Olympic games
in ancient Greece, an athletic competition held every four years in honor of Zeus
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Olympia
City i n the Peloponesus where the Olympics took place
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Darius
Persian king who put satraps in place and built the Royal Road
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Ionian Sea
The body of water to the west of Greece.
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Black Sea
a sea between Europe and Asia
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Phoenicians
A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks.
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Minoans
One of the early Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete.
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Javelin
light spear thrown by hand
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Zeus
King of the gods
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Hera
Queen of the gods, Zeus wife
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Athena
Goddess of wisdom guardian of Athens
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Dionisus
God of wine
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Poseidon
God of the sea and earthquakes
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Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty
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Pathernon
Temple that dominates the hill of the Acropolis at Athens. It was built in the mid-5th century bce and dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena.
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Pindus Mountains
Runs through the center of the Greek mainland and is considered the backbone of Greece.
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Iliad
Homer's great epic that tells the story of the Trojan War
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The Odyssey
Homer's major epic means a long, adventurous journey
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Artemis
goddess of the hunt and the moon
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Solon
Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred
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Acropolis
A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city
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Phoenicia
An ancient seafaring civilization located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea
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Carthage
A cityCorinth located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.
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Corinth
A Greek city-state ruled by an oligarchy and later, a tyranny. where there is the istmus and a canal separating Greece's mainland from the Peloponesus
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Istmus
narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas
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