HUM First test

Mesopotamia

Between the Tigris and Euphrates river

home of the Sumerians and Babylonians

home of the code of Hammurabi

cuneiform was started here

Cuneiform

Wedge shaped writing system

Oldest known writing system

used for the epic of gilgamesh and the code of hammurabi

started as pictographs before shifting to the wedge

Gilgamesh

Legendary king of Uruk

slept with a LOT of women

best friends with Enkidu

fails to get eternal life and realizes everyone dies someday

Enkidu

Wild man the gods made originally to stop gilgamesh. Slept with woman and got ‘civilized’

best friends with gilgamesh
died because the gods did not like that him and gilgamesh defeated humbaba and then slew the bull of heaven

Humbaba

Giant/ Demon

guarded the sacred cedar forest the god Enil appointed him to

killed by gilgamesh and enkidu who had help from shamash

Ishtar

mesopotamian goddess of love, desire and fertility

very wrathful when gilgamesh called out her old flings

sent the boar of heaven after him and enkidu

Hammurabi

king of babylon

one of the first to begin the eye for an eye principle

united mesopotamia

made different punishments based on classes

Ancient Egypt

Located along the Nile Valley

separated into the upper (upstream southern) and lower Egypt (downstream)

Unified by King Narmer

Hieroglyphics for their writing

strong focus on the afterlife and mummification

Mummification

Process to preserve dead bodies

Washed and embalmed the body

removed the organs except for the heart

wrapped the bodies in linen

Hieroglyphics

Writing system made from picture like symbols

decoded on the rosetta stone

used mainly by priests

were read in different directions

Pyramids

Burial structures for important mummies

held the possessions of the deceased inside so they had it when they moved on

sometimes the possessions inside were slaves or close people

some pyramids are much older than the “ancient egpyt” many people thing of

Rosetta stone

Found in egypt

Has three languages on it (heiroglyphs, demotic, and ancient greek)

it was used to translate hieroglyphs by using the ancient greek.

all three languages said the same thing which allowed them to decode the languages

Sappho

From the island of Lesbos

known for her lyrical poetry

at one point was regarded as the greatest pyric poet

best known for her love poetry and her love of women

Plato

Greek philosopher

student of socrates and teacher of aristotle

founded the academy of athens which was one of the earliest institutions

spoke a lot of higher truths or perfect ideas

Aristophanes

ancient greek comic playwrite

his works were seen as sharp political satire and social critique

some of his best known works are lysistrata, the clouds and the frogs

Ban Zhao

first female chinese historian

best known for lessons for women

was able to read and write which was huge during the time

Trojan War

started after Paris took Helen from Menelaus (king of sparta)

Legend of the golden apple (eris) with hera athena and aphrodite

trojan horse used to sneak in and raid them

major warriors being odysseus and achilles

Odysseus

WHERE DO I START

Main pov of the Odyssey

Ten year journey back after the trojan war

story of the sirens where he tied himself to a pole

blinded polyphemus [cyclops]

disguised himself and outwitted suitors to return to his wife penelope

Penelope

Trapped at home after waiting many years for odysseus to come home by suitors

made an elaborate challenge for the suitors that only odysseus completed

extremely patient

Telemachus

son of odysseus and penelope

helped his father kill the agressive suitors

went to pylos and sparta wanting to hear stories of his father

Athena

Daughter of Zeus who came from his forehead

goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare

patron of athens

symbols are the owl and olive tree

Nausicaa

rescues odysseus

princess of phaeacia

stands her ground firmly while also staying very kind

helps odysseus gain support of her parents

Phaeacians

Sea faring people

lived on the island of Scheria

utopia that loved athetic games and things like music and fine clothing

provided safe haven for odysseus as well as give him treasure and ships to help him home

Cyclops

One eyed beings

Polyphemus

many were master blacksmiths, builders and sometimes shepherds

HUGE and strong. Man eater

nobody killed polyphemus

Sirens

not mermaids! more like harpies

sang beautiful songs to draw people in so they could kill them

promised forbidden knowledge

could be stopped with wax in ears or even someone singing better drowning them out (ily orpheus)

Euclid

father of geometry

known for his elements treatise [foundations of geometry]

showed there is an infinite number of prime numbers

Greek classical era

Persian wars

socrates, plato and aristotle

shifted from static statues to dynamic

boring things to things like the parthenon

Polis

Ancient greek city state

sparta

athens

normally had an acropolis

Persian wars

Battle of Marathon (athenian forces defeated the first persian invasion on the plains of marathon)

battle of thermopylae. spartans held off persians in narrow mountain pass

victory pushed greece into classic era

Socrates

Teacher of Plato

Apology

socratic method of targeted questioning

executed after trial

claimed his only wisdom was knowing that he knew nothing at all

Theory of Forms

plato

the physical world is not the true reality but a shadow

physical is constantly changing and imperfect

realm of forms is eternal and unchanging

Aristotle

Student of plato

tutored alexander the great

pursiot of happiness

taught nature does nothing by chance

Syllogism

all humans are mortal

socrates is human

therefore socrates is mortal

dialectic method

exploring truth

solving disagreements by looking at opposing ideas

Nicomachean ethics

happiness is the ultimate goal of human life

Axiomatic reasoning

logical method that starts with unproven basic statements and uses strict rules of logic to deduce new conclusions

euclid