Chem Review

How many elements are there?

92

Atoms

Smallest stable unit of matter

Chemical Elements

Substance consisting of one type of atom

Hydrolysis Reaction

adding water to break a chemical bond

Starch

Glucose storage in plants

Lipids

Energy source for cells in the body

Dehydration Synthesis

Remove water to create a chemical bond

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids create a pleated sheet or an alpha helix

Tertiary Structure

Interactions between peptide and water causes complex folding

Glycogen

Glucose storage in animals

Polysaccharides

More complex carbohydrates

Saturated

Each atom has 4 single covalent bonds

Unsaturated

one or more single covalent bonds is replaced by double bond

Fatty Acid

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached to them

Peptides

Molecules of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids in a chain

Disulfide Bonds

Create permant loops and folds

Cellulose

Component of plants that cannot be broken down

Inorganic

Generally doesn't contain carbon and hydrogen as principle structural elements

*smaller amount of atoms

Organic

Always made from hydrogen and carbon

*Lot of atoms

Molecule requires…

A covalent bond between atoms

Quatemary Structure

Caused by the interaction between two or more polypeptide chains to form a larger more complex protein

Support

Structural proteins, provide strength, organization and support for cells, tissues and organs

Transport

Bind to solutes for transport in the blood

Movement

Contractive Proteins

Buffering

Prevents changes in blood PH

Metabolic Regulation

Function as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions

Coordination and control

Hormones, control the function of cells, organs and organ systems

Defense

Examples include water proofing proteins of the sun antibodies and clothing factors

Enzymes

Biological catalysts- catalyze reactions that sustain life

Three important characteristics of enzymes

1. Specificity

2. Saturation Limit

3. RegulationS

Specificity

Enzymes are specific for the type of reaction they catalyze

Saturation Limit

Role of the reaction is dependent on the concentration of substrates and enzymes

Regulation

Enzyme is regulated- can be turned on and off as necessary

Compound Requires…

two or more different atoms

Glucose

6-carbon sugar can form a straight chain or a ring structure

Monosaccharide

“Simple Sugar” 3-7 carbon atoms

Carbohydrates

1% total body weight

What are the 4 Organic Compounds?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Protein

4. Nucleic Acids

What is a normal PH for the human body?

7.35-7.45

Acid

Compound that dissociates into water and releases hydrogen ions

Base

Removes hydrogen ions from solution

Salt

Compound that dissociates in water into cations and anions, neither of which is hydrogen ion or hydroxyl group

What percentage of water are you?

70%

2 groups of compounds

1. Inorganic

2. Organic

What are the 4 Inorganic compounds?

1. Water

2. Acid

3. Base

4. Salt

Molecule

Any chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

Compound

Chemical Substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements

Types of bonds (3)

1. Ionic

2. Covalent

3. Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Attraction of partially and charged hydrogen with a partially charged atom

Covalent

Bonds where one or more electrons are shared between atoms

Ions

Has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Ionic

Bonds created by electrical attraction between captions and anions

Radioisotype

Unstable nucleus, emits subatomic particles spontaneously radiation

Stable

Does not emit subatomic perticles spontaneously

Isotype

Atoms who nuclei contains the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons

Atomic mass

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom