APHUG Unit 5 - Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agribusiness

Large-scale mechanized farming business that is controlled by corporate interests.

Agricultural Regions

Geographic regions defined by a distinctive combination of physical environmental conditions; crop type; settlement patterns; and labor, cultivation, and harvesting practices.

Aquaculture

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Bid Rent Theory

The theory that the cost of land is more expensive the closer it is to town.

Biodiversity

The amount of genetic diversity.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

Bodies of Water

Choose the correct answer: Irrigation Impacts the landscape of \_________________ (Mountains/Bodies of Water).

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Central America

Where is the hearth of domestication for corn/maize?

Climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

Climate Regions

Geographic regions that share similar temperatures and precipitation throughout the year.

Clustered Rural Settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Commercial

Commercial or Subsistence? Creates less farms, but with larger farm sizes.

Commercial

Commercial or Subsistence? Has higher productivity

Commercial

Commercial or Subsistence? Requires a lower workforce.

Commercial

Is Dairy Agriculture Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial

Is Grain Agriculture Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial

Is Livestock Ranching Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial

Is Market Gardening Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial

Is Mediterranean Agriculture Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial

Is Plantation Farming Commercial or Subsistence?

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture for the purpose of growing crop for profit.

Commercial or Market Gardening

Type of agriculture where fruits and vegetables are harvested and sold fresh

Commodity Chains

A linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

Community Supported Agriculture

Network between agricultural producers and consumers whereby consumers pledge support to a farming operation in order to receive a share of the output from the farming operation.

Continental

Which type of climate does dairy agriculture occur in?

Controlled

Choose the right answer: The Neolithic Revolution caused the amount of food to become \____________________ (Controlled/Out of Control).

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Dairy

Type of agriculture where cattle is raised for milk and milk-products

Deforestation

The clearing of forests for resources and farmland.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Dispersed Rural Settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Domestication

The taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food.

Draining Wetlands

Clearing natural swamp areas to create fields.

Dry

Which climate does grain agriculture occur in?

East Asia, South East Asia

Where is the hearth of domestication for rice?

Economies of Scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

Environmental

Choose the correct answer: Pollution, soil salinization, and desertification are all examples of (Landscape/Environmental) consequences of agriculture.

Extensive

Is Grain Agriculture Intensive or Extensive?

Extensive

Is Livestock Ranching Intensive or Extensive?

Extensive

Is Pastoral Nomadism Intensive or Extensive?

Extensive

Is Shifting Cultivation Intensive or Extensive?

Extensive Farming

Farming that requires less labor, but larger farm sizes.

False

True or False? Agribusiness has caused independent farmers to control the market rather than large corporations.

False

True or False? The Green Revolution lead to more biodiversity.

Fertile Crescent

Name given to area of fertile land along the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast where agriculture and early civilization first originated from

Fertile Crescent

Where is the hearth of domestication for cattle?

Fertile Crescent

Where is the hearth of domestication for wheat?

Fertilizer

A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

Fertilizer, Pesticide, Animal Waste

How does agriculture cause pollution?

Food Desert

An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.

Food Security

People's ability to access sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Forests

What products are in the second ring of Von Thunen's Model?

Global Food Distribution Networks

The process in which a general population is supplied with food.

Global Supply Chain

A worldwide network to maximize profits in production

GMO

\[genetically modified organism] an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial genes.

Go Against

Choose the right answer: Variations in physical landscape and climate, increase in number of markets, and advancements in technology and transportation are all factors that \____________ (Support/Go Against) Von Thunen's Model.

Grain Elevator

a tall building equipped with machinery for loading, cleaning, storing, and discharging grain.

Grains

Type of agriculture that produces grains like wheat, barley, corn, oats, etc.

Grains

What products are in the third ring of Von Thunen's Model?

Great Britain

Where did the Second Agricultural Revolution originate?

Green Revolution

The third agricultural revolution that introduced new scientifically bred high-yield crop varieties, increased use of chemicals, and intensive use of new technologies.

Hearths of Domestication

The origins of domesticated plants and/or animals.

High-Yield Seeds

Seeds that have been engineered to be stronger and more productive. They will produce more crops peer seed, need less water, and can survive in warmer climates

Higher

Choose the right answer: The Green Revolution lead to \________________ (Higher/Lower) yields on the same amount of cultivated land.

Indus River Valley

Where is the hearth of domestication for sheep?

Intensive

Is Dairy Agriculture Intensive or Extensive?

Intensive

Is Market Gardening Intensive or Extensive?

Intensive

Is Mediterranean Agriculture Intensive or Extensive?

Intensive

Is Plantation Farming Intensive or Extensive?

Intensive Farming

Farming that requires large amounts of money and labor, but have smaller sizes.

Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Dominant

Type of agriculture where small farms have two harvests on the same land, usually rice in the summer and another grain in the winter.

Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Not Dominant

Type of agriculture where small farms have two harvests on the same land, usually wheat, barley, and other grains instead of rice.

Irrigation

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Landscape

Choose the correct answer: Terraced farming, draining of wetlands, and deforestation are all examples of \_______________________ (Landscape/Environmental) consequences of agriculture.

Linear Rural Settlement

Settlement formed in a long line, often due to a river, or coast.

Livestock

What products are in the fourth ring of Von Thunen's Model?

Livestock Ranching

A form of agriculture that involves the raising and herding of livestock over large fields of land.

Local Food Movement

Purchasing food from nearby farms because to minimize the pollution and fossil fuels created from the transportation of food.

Longlot

A method of surveying land where land is divided into narrow parcels stretching from rivers, roads, or canals.

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots.

Mechanization

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Mediterranean

A type of agriculture involving horticulture and the production of tree crops like olives, grapes, and deciduous fruits.

Metes and Bounds

An English based method of surveying land using natural boundaries, resulting in uneven/irregular plots.

Monocropping

Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop for one season.

Monoculture

Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

Negative

Choose the right answer: The Green Revolution had a \_____________ (Negative/Positive) effect on the environment.

Neolithic Revolution

The first agricultural revolution, where people transitioned from hunting and gathering to domesticating animals and farming.

Norman Borlaug

Native Iowan who is seen as the "father of the green revolution" for his groundbreaking work improving wheat production in Mexico in the 1950s, and later in India & Pakistan in the 1960s

Organic Farming

A method of farming that does not use artificial means such as synthetic pesticides and herbicides, antibiotics, and bioengineering.

Pastoral Nomadism

A type of agriculture in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.

Pesticide

A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.

Plantation

Type of agriculture typically in lower developed countries involving cash crops like tobacco, sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, and palm oil.

Pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Produce, Dairy

What products are in the first ring of Von Thunen's Model?

Rectangular/Township and Range

A method of surveying land designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmland into series of rectangular parcels.

Rural Survey Methods

Different methods farmers use to divide rural land.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution in the 17th century where mechanization and changes in cultivation, harvesting, and storage techniques in agriculture happened.

Seed Drill

Machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows.