phonological development & phonological processes

Prelingustic stages

reflexive crying and vegetative sounds, cooing and laughter, vocal play, babbling, jargon stage

Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds ( birth to two months)

anything that is an automatic response to their physical state (examples include crying, grunting, burping) already learn that they get a response from their parents just from this

Cooing (16 weeks) and laughter (2 months to 4 months)

vowel-like sounds are produced. babies develop a reciprocal relationship (cause and effect) 

Vocal play (4 to 6 months)

this includes a longer series of vocalizations of prolonged vowel or consonant sounds. It’s in this stage where infants produce extreme variations in loudness and pitch.

Reduplicated babbling (6 months and older)

string of consonant-vowel combination productions. Saying the same syllable over and over again but with the same consonant.  (mamamama)

Variegated babbling (6 months and older)

varied consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable.

Jargon stage (10 months and older)

when a string of babbled utterances are modulated by intonation, rhythm, and pausing.  

first word

close to the adult word and used consistently; It emerges around 10 to 15 months.

This stage lasts until about 18 to 24 months when children begin to combine words.

first 50 words

combination of words (18 to 24 months)

This happens when children are able to produce about 50 words and understand about 200 words. also includes prosodic variation

Prosodic variation

They use prosody to mark the difference between questions and statements.  

Preschool

18 to 24 months of age are combining words together. It’s during this time that the largest growth within the phonological system takes place; Stress is seen to change meaning. This is when one word within a two-word utterance becomes prominent. (daddy eat versus daddy eeaat)

School-age

By age 5, children’s Speech is very similar to adult speech prosody is used with sentences that are syntactically more complex. (We’re ready, aren’t we? Vs. We’re ready, aren’t we!)

Phonological development theory

explains the phonological processes of a child’s development, including phonological processes

Phonological processes

are patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk. (should go away on its own)

phonological disoder

occurs when phonological processes persist beyond the age when most typically developing children have stopped using them or when the processes used are much different than what would be expected.

syllable structure processes

describe the changes that affect the structure of the syllable.

reduplication

A type of syllable structure processes; replacing one syllable or part of a syllable by repeating the preceding syllable (wawa for water)

weak syllable deletion

a type of syllable structure processes; omitting the unstressed syllable (nana for banana)

final consonant deletion

type of syllable structure processes; omitting the last consonant (ba for ball)

initial consonant deletion

type of syllable structure processes; omitting the first single consonant or consonant cluster at the beginning of a word (og for dog)

cluster reduction

type of syllable structure processes; when two consonants are together in a word and they omit one consonant (ruck for truck)

epenthesis

type of syllable structure processes; inserting a vowel (usually the schwa) to change its syllable structure (please to pulease)

Substitution Processes

 used for sound modifications in which one sound class is replaced by another. 

Fronting

Type of substitution processes; When a child replaces a back sound with a sound that is made toward the front of the mouth. (replacing velar with alveolar or a palatal sound with alveolar sound) example would be cop to top or ship to sip

Backing

type of substitution processes; when a child substitutes a front sound with a back sound (duck to guk)

labialization

type of substitution process: when a nonlabial sound is replaced with a labial sound (fum from thumb or mouf from mouth)

Alveolarization

type of substitution process;  when a nonalveolar sound is substituted with an alveolar sound (fig to sig)

Stopping

Type of substitution process;  when a fricative is substituted with a stop consonant; (fan to pan)

Deaffrication

Type of substitution process; When an affricate is replaced with a fricative or stop sound (chop to shop and chips to tips)

Affrication

Type of substitution process; When a nonaffricate  is replaced with an affricate (shoe to Choe)

Denazalization

Type of substitution process; When a nasal sound is replaced with homorganic (same place) stops (meat to beat or noon to dood)

Gliding

When liquid sound is replaced with glide sound (r and l are replaced with w or j like sorry to sowwy)

Vowelization

When syllabic sounds are replaced by vowels (table to tabo)

Derhotacization

The loss of r-coloring in central vowels (water to wada)

Voicing

when a voiceless sound is replaced with a voiced sound (sue to zue)

Devoicing

Replacing a voiced sound with a voiceless sound (dare to tare)

Assimilatory processes

 a sound becomes similar to or influenced by a neighboring sound in a word.