Chapter 50: Behavioral Ecology

Evolutionary game theory

________ is a mathematical modeling approach to predicting the outcome of natural selection on behaviors when multiple "players "are interacting.

Altruism

________ is behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior.

Biologists

________ use the term kin selection to refer to natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives at the expense of the individual.

Ultimate

________ (or evolutionary) causation explains why actions occur- based on their evolutionary consequences and history.

Indirect fitness

________ is derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own.

Bald

________ eagles, like many birds, engage in monogamy by forming lasting pair bonds between one female and one male.

circadian clock

The ________ that exists in organisms maintains a 24- hour rh hm of chemical activity.

stimulus

It creates a(n) ________ that elicits a response.

Hamiltons rule

________ is important because it shows that individuals can pass on their alleles to the next generation not only by having their own offspring but also by helping close relatives produce more offspring.

direct fitness

Parents can increase their ________ by spending resources to ensure the welfare of their offspring.

Mate

________ choice typically involves a chooser and a courter and some kind of signal, an information- containing behavior or characteristic.

ecology

In ________, migration is defined as the long- distance movement of a population associated with a change of seasons.

eminent evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr

The ________ wrote an influential paper on "cause and effect in biology "in 1961.

biology

In ________, communication is defined as any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual.

Animals

________ take in information from the environment and, based on that information, respond in a certain way.

Behavioral ecologists

________ use a framework borrowed from economics called cost- benefit analysis to understand and quantify the behavioral choices that animals make.

Reciprocal altruists

________ help individuals who have either helped them in the past or are likely to help them in the future.

intrαsexual selection

When two individuals of the same sex compete with one another for mates, ________ is taking place.

Innate behavior

________ is inherited- meaning that it is passed genetically from parents to offspring.

Behavior

________ is just like any other phenotype in that it can evolve by natural selection.

Direct fitness

________ is derived from an individuals own offspring.