________ is a mathematical modeling approach to predicting the outcome of natural selection on behaviors when multiple "players "are interacting.
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Altruism
________ is behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior.
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Biologists
________ use the term kin selection to refer to natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives at the expense of the individual.
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Ultimate
________ (or evolutionary) causation explains why actions occur- based on their evolutionary consequences and history.
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Indirect fitness
________ is derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own.
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Bald
________ eagles, like many birds, engage in monogamy by forming lasting pair bonds between one female and one male.
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circadian clock
The ________ that exists in organisms maintains a 24- hour rh hm of chemical activity.
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stimulus
It creates a(n) ________ that elicits a response.
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Hamiltons rule
________ is important because it shows that individuals can pass on their alleles to the next generation not only by having their own offspring but also by helping close relatives produce more offspring.
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direct fitness
Parents can increase their ________ by spending resources to ensure the welfare of their offspring.
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Mate
________ choice typically involves a chooser and a courter and some kind of signal, an information- containing behavior or characteristic.
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ecology
In ________, migration is defined as the long- distance movement of a population associated with a change of seasons.
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eminent evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr
The ________ wrote an influential paper on "cause and effect in biology "in 1961.
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biology
In ________, communication is defined as any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual.
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Animals
________ take in information from the environment and, based on that information, respond in a certain way.
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Behavioral ecologists
________ use a framework borrowed from economics called cost- benefit analysis to understand and quantify the behavioral choices that animals make.
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Reciprocal altruists
________ help individuals who have either helped them in the past or are likely to help them in the future.
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intrαsexual selection
When two individuals of the same sex compete with one another for mates, ________ is taking place.
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Innate behavior
________ is inherited- meaning that it is passed genetically from parents to offspring.
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Behavior
________ is just like any other phenotype in that it can evolve by natural selection.
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Direct fitness
________ is derived from an individuals own offspring.
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