APUSH Unit 1

Magna Carta

A statement of propertied men’s rights that stated the king must follow the law too

English Parliament

Legislative body composed of elected (House of Commons) and hereditary members (House of Lords) that met regularly

Martin Luther and the Protestant

German monk that initiated the Protestant Reformation, splitting Christianity and rejecting the Pope
- 95 Theses that protested the selling of indulgences

Reformation

Martin Luther started Protestant Reformation that ended religious domination of Catholics in Europe, spread with the help of printing

Americas Before Colonization

• Crossed from Berling Land Bridge

• Diverse Indigenous groups because of geography and climate

• Mesoamerica had the most powerful empires

Africa Before Colonization

• Islam spread

• Educational center in Timbuktu

• Slavery existed but it was mostly war captives

• No one identified as Africans

Columbian Exchange

Food, livestock, culture, ideas, disease, slaves, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, mostly benefited Europeans because they had healthier diets so their population increases

Jamestown Colony

• First permanent and successful English settlement

• Profit and gold was the goal

• Funded by Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company

• Conflict with local Powhatan tribe

Joint Stock Company

A business entity where multiple people buy “shares” or stocks to fund a voyage/colony, sharing costs, profits, and losses, instead of individually investing

Powhatan

The tribe who’s empire Jamestown was settled in. They tried to help those starving.

John Smith

Used force to encourage upper-class men to get to work. Otherwise, they would have nothing to eat.

Starving Time

A brutal winter from 1609-1610 where 90% of colonists from Jamestown Colony died due to disease, hunger, and cold. John Smith left and there was no more discipline, along with Powhatan tribe withdrawing their supplies since Smith raided them.

Tobacco

Most profitable cash crop that got people addicted.

John Rolfe

John Rolfe introduced tobacco to Jamestown that ultimately saved the colony from failure, allowing them to be profitable.

Indentured Servitude

People from Europe sign an agreement that they will work a certain amount of years in exchange for a boat ride to the New World, since they had no money to pay the fare. After they are done with their contract, they get to have a small plot of land.

Chattel Slavery

Permanent, racialized, and hereditary slavery

Triangle Trade and Middle Passage

Triangle Trade: Europe brought their goods and guns to trade in Africa for slaves.

Middle Passage: slaves traveled to the Americas in brutal conditions and worked on plantations that produced cash crops.

Triangle Trade: resources transported back to Europe.

Bacon’s Rebellion

An uprising of poor farmers and landless colonists that revolted against royal governor Berkeley. They wanted to push native frontiers farther back but Berkeley wanted to play it safe to protect his own profit.

Pilgrims

English separatists escaping religious persecution aboard the ship called the Mayflower. They founded the Plymouth Colony.

William Bradford

Founded the Plymouth colony with the Pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

A short document signed by all men aboard the Mayflower that agreed on self-governance.

Puritans

Thinks the English church is corrupt but reform is possible.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A joint-stock company to launch the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop

Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, declaring it "a city upon a hill”.

Town Meetings

Meetings held central meetinghouse that enforced democracy.

Pequot Wars

First major armed conflict between English Puritans and Indigenous Pequot. Almost all of the tribe was destroyed and this allowed for expansion of land and control of trade.

King Philip’s War

Armed conflict between English colonists and the Indigenous Wampanoag. The English forced them to be subject to their laws and religion, which led to resistance and attacks.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island because he believed in separate church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Gained respect as a healer and spiritual person, but was put on trial because of her preaching and was excommunicated. She went to Roger William’s Rhode Island.

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Received a proprietary charter for Maryland, but died before the signing.

Proprietary Colony

A colony was treated as private property and the family (i.e. Calvert) had absolute ownership.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania because he wanted people to coexist peacefully with Indigenous people.

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Saw the Church of England as corrupt, rejected all church officials and institutions.

James Ogelthorpe

Founded the colony of Georgia, a member of Parliament, and a British military officer. He wanted to give the poor a second chance at life.

Protestant Revolution (Cromwell, etc.)

Puritans overthrew Catholic proprietor, Lord Baltimore in Maryland with Cromwell’s rise in power.

Restoration

English monarchy restored to power after 11 years of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless overthrow of James II that led to switch from Catholic to Protestant.

Mercantilism

The system of trade imbalance between mother country and its colonies.

Navigation Act

British laws that regulated the trade of the colonies.

Salutary Neglect

When the English didn’t enforce the taxes as strongly on the colonies.

Robert Walpole

Came up with Salutary Neglect

Great Awakening

People encouraged to attend church no matter their identity and were encouraged to defy societal norms.

George Whitefield

Most famous and influential preacher during the First Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher