BIOL 111 Chapters 1 and 2

biology

bios: life

-logy: branch of study

biological fields

-microbiology

-paleontology

-botany

-zoology

-ecology

-physiology

Properties of Life

Order

sensitivity/response to stimuli

Reproduction

Adaptatiuon

Growth and Development

Regulation

Homeostasis

Energy Processing

What is order

in the context of life, is the highly organized and structured arrangement of matter and energy at all biological levels, from molecules to ecosystems, that enables and facilitates life's functions and processes.

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Multicellular Organism

What is Homeostasis or Regulation

the ability to maintail constant internal conditions even when the external conditions change. ie temp, pH, concentration of chemicals

ex, thermoregulation-sweating, panting

Producers make energy by the process of…

photosynthesis (sun to chemical energy)

comsumers make energy by the process of…

cellular respiration (food to chemical energy)

What is a virus?

An infectious agent that can only replicate within a host organism

Science

a way of knowing- systematic study of the natural world

Sir Frances Bacon (1561-1626)

“new method”

Had the idea that we should test what we believe with systematic observation (scientific method)

seven steps of the scientific method

1. observation

2. question

3. form a hypothesis

4. predict based on the hypothesis

5. test the hypothesis (experiment)

6. analyze data/results

7. report results/peer review

hypothesis

proposed explanation of a natural phenomenon that has to be testable

data/test results that are consistent with the prediction

“fail to reject”

Data inconsistent with the prediction are evidence that the hypothesis is flawed and should be revised

“reject”

scientific theories

explanation for a set of observations and diverse phenomena

generally accepted, broad and comprehensive, repeatedly tested and confirmed

ie, cell theory, evolutionary theory

variable

a characteristic that differs

independent variable

variable controlled by the experimenter

dependent variable

observed result

experimetal group

those that recieve a certain treatment

control group

Identical to an experimental group, but without exposure to any treatment

atoms

the smallest component of an element that retains all of the properties of that element

cannot be broken down into anything smaller and still retain the properties of that element

elements

pure substances containing atoms of only one type

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

number of protons + neutrons

isotopes

versions of the same atoms/elements - differ in # of neutrons

Why are isotopes important?

Carbon dating

1. C-14 is continuously created in the atmosphere

2. taken up by plants and eaten by animals

3. at death the organism loses C-14

Octet rule

• electrons are arranged around the nucleus on ‘shells’

• innermost shells hold 2 e-, shells further away hold 8

• atoms are happy if their outermost shells hold 8 e-, or 2 in the case of H or He, unhappy if not

chemical bonds

• ionic

• covalent

• hydrogen

ionic bonds

• electron transfer, strong bond

• e- are donated by an atom and accepted by another

• opposite charges attract

• resulting compound has NO CHARGE

Cation

positive charge (lost and electron)

Anion

negative ion (gained an electron)

Covalent bonds

• electron sharing

• strong

• two types - polar and non polar

Nonpolar molecules

electrons shared equally

Polar Molecules

• electrons are shared unequally

• molecules with positive and negative charges in different regions

Hydrogen bonds

• some polar molecules can form from them

• weaker bond

• common

• do not always involve water

  • hold DNA strands together

  • 3D structure of proteins

water has unique properties due to:

• polarity of molecules

• hydrogen bonding

Primary features of water

1. solid form (ice) is less dense than liquid form

2. polar

3. excellent solvent

4. stabilizes temperature

5. cohesive

Any charged or polar molecule will dissolve in

water

Hydrophilic

forms hydrogen bonds with water (dissolves) water loving

Hydrophobic

does not form hydrogen bonds with water (e.g., oil) water frearing

can dissoslve things in it

solvent

can attach to a surface

adhesive

atoms are made of ___

protons, electrons, and neutrons

bonded atoms make ___

molecules

organic molecules contain this element

carbon

Carbon

• Usually forms four bonds (outer shell has 4 e-)

• Overall shape varies greatly

life is ____

carbon based

All organisms are based on the same ______ - not just the same DNA, but all other biomolecules

organic molecules

Four kinds of biological molecules:

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)

2. Lipids (fats, Steroids)

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Carbohydrates

• Important in your diet (supplies the body with glucose, which is converted to energy)

• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

simple sugars (ex. glucose (C6H12O6), basic form of energy storage, building block of more complicated carbs

Monosaccharides

two subunits, e.g. sucrose and maltose

Disaccharides

Long chain of monosaccharides, e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Polysaccharides

what are the two main purposes of polysaccharides

1. storage

2. structure

_____ are all hydrophobic - donty mix with water

Lipids

Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

examples of lipids

ccomposed of fatty acids and glycerol

Fats

form cell membranes

Phospholipids

What are the two layers of phospholipids

water outside cell, water inside cell

phospholipids have a _____ head and a ____ tail.

Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic

______ are a complex mix of lipids with fatty acids bonded to alcohols or carbon rings

• pevent fat loss in plants

• waterproof feathers and hair

Waxes

_____ are four fused carbon rings that are hydrophobic.

Steroids

Proteins

• Most abundant biological molecule (in animals)

• Have diverse functions

  • structural (e.g. keratin, collagen)

  • enzymes (e.g. DNA polymerase, amylase)

How many kinds of amino acids are there?

20

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

Secondary protein structure

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold inot a repeating pattern

Secondary protein structure

Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

Tertiary protein structure

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Quaternary protein structure

Denaturation

3D folding is disrupted by: heat, detergents, changes in acidity (pH), salts - protein denatures

RNA

• Used in protein synthesis

• one strand of linked nucleotides

DNA

• Used to store information (genes)

  • Hereditary information passed from parents to offspring

  • Development and functioning of cells/life

The bases on the nucleotides of RNA can be…..

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

The bases on the nucleotides of DNA can be…..

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine(G)

Sugar on the nucleotide is _______ not ribose

deoxyribose

Main difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and has deoxyribose

RNA is single strandedand has ribose

What are the four general classes of molecules?

• carbohydrates

• Lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

What is the most abundant and diverse molecule type

proteins

nucleic acids include…

DNA and RNA

Basic science

• understanding fundamentals

• just for the sake of knowledge

Applied science

• takes the knowledge and uses it for practical purposes

Descriptive studies

Aim to observe and describe a phenomenon without testing why

Hypothesis-based studies

starts with a prediction then you test it

Sir frances bacon

began use of the scientific method

repeated teesting with consistent findings leads to

theories

same protons means…

same element

different protons means…

different element

atoms are more stable when

they have a full outter shell

if electrons transfer and its a metal and nonmetal its…

ionic

if electrons are being shared its two nonmetals its’s…

covalent

an uneven pull means the bond is..

polar

an even pull means the bond is…

non polar

Main Elements

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Phosphorus

• Sulfur

Main Molecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates are made from…

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Carbohydrates three jobs…

Energy, storage, structure

Lipids are all..

nonpolar and hydrophobic

Lipids include:

• fats (triglicerides and energy storage and insulation)

• phospholipids (every membrane in your body)

• waxes (least consistent group)

• steroids (4-carbon rings)

What is denaturation?

When a protein loses its normal shape (often due to heat or pH), often causing it to lose its function. e.g., cooking an egg

Protein synthesis

1. primary - amino acid chain

2. secondary - folded/bent

3. tertiary - crumbled

4. quaternary (optional) - combined

how does an atom become an ion

by gaining or losing electrons

• gains = negative

• loses = positive