Alterations in Oxygenation and Cardiac Output

Vocabulary flashcards for nursing students reviewing alterations in oxygenation and cardiac output, based on lecture notes.

pH (Arterial Blood)

Normal range for arterial blood pH.

PCO₂ (Arterial Blood)

Normal range for partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

PO₂ (Arterial Blood)

Normal range for partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

HCO3 (Arterial Blood)

Normal range for bicarbonate in arterial blood.

SaO2 (Arterial Blood)

Normal range for oxygen saturation in arterial blood.

Hypoventilation

Insufficient air delivered to alveoli, leading to inadequate oxygen supply and CO₂ removal.

Hyperventilation

Increase in amount of air entering the alveoli, leading to excessive CO₂ removal.

Hypoxemia

Deficient levels of blood oxygen as measured by arterial O₂ concentration and Hgb saturation.

Hypoxia

Decrease in tissue oxygenation.

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Low PaO2 despite normal O₂-carrying capacity.

Anemic Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.

Circulatory Hypoxia

Reduced blood flow, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Impaired oxygen utilization due to a toxic substance.

Vital Capacity

Total volume of gas that can be exhaled during maximal expiration.

Total Lung Capacity

Amount of gas contained in lungs at maximal inspiration.

Forced Expiratory Flow Rate (FEF25, FEF50, FEF75)

Volume of air forcibly exhaled per unit time at specific points during forced vital capacity.

Acute Bronchitis

Acute inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic or recurrent productive cough of 3 months duration occurring >2 successive years, often paired with emphysema.

Emphysema

Destructive changes of the alveolar walls + abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs without fibrosis.

Sarcoidosis

Acute or chronic systemic disease of unknown cause, commonly affecting lungs and lymph nodes, resulting in the development of noncaseating granulomas.

Hypersensitive Pneumonitis

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis; restrictive and occupational lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled organic dusts.

Pneumothorax

Accumulation of air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

Pleural effusion

collection of fluid or pus in pleural cavity as a result of another disease process

Transudative pleural effusion

Fluid is low in protein and LDH; caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or low plasma oncotic pressure

Exudative pleural effusion

Fluid has a high level of protein and LDH due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability

Empyema

Pathologic collection of pus in pleural cavity caused by infection in the pleural space.

Hemothorax

Blood in pleural space, often the result of chest trauma.

Chylothorax

Development from trauma as a result of leakage of chyle from the thoracic duct.

Kyphoscoliosis

Bone deformity of the chest wall resulting primarily from kyphosis (hunchback appearance; posterior curvature deformity), scoliosis (lateral curvature deformity)

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Chronic inflammation at the site of ligamentous insertion into the spine or sacroiliac joints

Obesity

BMI >30, excessive caloric intake +/or reduced caloric expenditure

Pneumonia

An inflammatory reaction in the alveoli and interstitium of the lung, usually caused by an infectious agent.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

An acid-fast aerobic bacillus that infects lungs & lymph nodes + can stay latent

Thrombus

Blood clots composed of aggregated platelets, clotting factors, + fibrin that adhere to vessel walls

Embolus

A collection of material that forms a clot within the bloodstream

Vasospasm

Sudden constriction of arterial smooth muscle that results in an obstruction to flow

Vasculitis

Inflammation of the intima of an artery

Phlebitis

Inflammation of the lining of a vein

Valvular Incompetence

Congenital anamolies or pathologic processes. Interfering w/ the effective flow of blood through a portion of the venous system

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening + hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries in which plaque builds up inside the arteries consisting of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, & fibrin

Aneurysms

Localized dilation of an arterial wall

Arteriovenous Fistulas

Abnormal communication btwn arteries & veins

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Tangled knot of arteries & veins found most commonly within the brain vasculature

Lymphedema

Lymphatic vessels obstruction of flow

Arteriosclerosis

Diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers & endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries+arteriales become thickened

Atherosclerosis

hardening of arteries, plaque build-up

Normal Blood Pressure

SBP <120, DBP <80

Elevated Blood Pressure

SBP 120-129, DBP <80

Stage 1 HTN

SBP 130-139, DBP 80-89

Stage 2 HTN

SBP >140, DBP >90

Hypertensive Emergencies

Situations characterized by a sudden increase in either both systolic + diastolic pressures accompanied by evidence of acute end-organ damage

Hypertensive Urgency

BP elevation w/out end-organ damage

OH (postural)

Orthostatic Hypotension is a in systolic BP of 20 mmHg or> or a in diastolic pressure that is 10 mmHg or within 3 min of moving to an upright position

Raynaud's Syndrome

An extreme vasoconstriction producing cessation of flow to the fingers & toes. earlobes/tip of nose can be affected

Thromboagitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)

Rare inflammatory condition affecting both small & medium-size arteries & veins of the upper & lower extremities, producing varying degrees of destruction

Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion

Emergency, thrombus or embalus lodging in a major artery, or by an external mechanical compression producing compartment syndrome

Varicose Veins

Superficial, darkened, raised, tortuous veins

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Thrombus formation, typically in the legs

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

results when valvular incompetence involves the deep veins

Thrombocytopenia

Platelet production

AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP)

Autoimmune process that produces inflammation or vasculitis of small vessels

Hemophilia

Genetic disorder - X-linked recessive. factor VII or IX deficiency or abnormal f

Von Willebrand Disease

Autosomal dominant disorder of factor VIII carrier protein & platelet disorder. ♥or absent von Willebrand factor (VWF) interrupts the coagulation pathway, effecting bleeding times

Lymphedema

The normal flow of lymph is obstructed. MOST commonly caused by surgical removal of lymph nodes. Interstitium of lymphatic fluid

Coronary Heart Disease

Characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium

Angina

Chest pain; associated w/intermittent myocardial ischemia

PRINZMETAL VARIANT

Characterized by unpredictable attacks of anginal pain

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

unstable angina + myocardial infarction. Initiating event in dev. of a thrombus on top of an ulcerated or cracked atherosclerotic plaque

Stenosis

Failure of a valve to open completely

Regurgitation

The inability of a valve to close completely

Mitral Valve Stenosis

The flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle is impaired

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve balloons into the left atrium during ventricular systole. Can lead to mitral valve regurgitation

Aortic Stenosis

Results in obstruction to aortic outflow from left ventricle into aorta during systole

Aortic Regurgitation

Results from an incompetent aortic valve that allows blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole

Infective Endocarditis

INVASION & colonization of endocardial structures by microorganisms w/ resulting inflammation

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Complication of Rheumatic Fever. Immune-mediated damage to endocardium

Pericardial Effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

Cardiac Tamponade

External compression of the heart chambers such that filling is impaired

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium.Systemic inflammation + pericardial damage Ladhesions + friction between visceral + parietal pericardial layers

Chronic Pericarditis

Pericardial sac is destroyed. + the external aspect of the heart adheres to Surrounding mediastinal structures Contraction of the heart is constricted

Heart Failure

Clinical syndrome resulting from a primary condition which inhibits the heart's ability to maintain sufficient cardiac output to optimally meet metabolic demands of tissues + organs

Preload

The ventricles stretching effect. Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

Afterload

Pressure or resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood