The genetic code and translation

AUG

Start codon

How many start codons are there

Just one AUG

How many Stop codons are there

Three different ones

Codon

Set of three different nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

How many codons are there

64

How many amino acids are there

20, some use multiple codons.

Genetic code

Series of codons on the mRNA.

Ribosomes

Enzyme complexes that translate codons (mRNA more broadly) into proteins.

What are the two subunits of ribosomes

Small subunit and large subunit

Small subunit functions

Positioning mRNA, bind tRNA’s

Large subunit functions

Forming peptide bonds, recognizing stop Codon and releasing protein. Bind tRNA’s

Ribozymes

Ribosomes that catalyze reactions.

tRNA molecules

carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation in the protein.

rRNA’s

Enzymatic functions

Anticodon

associated with codon.on the tRNA, opposite of Codon.

What type of bond is between amino acids and tRNA

Aminoacyl bond

Uncharged tRNA vs. Charged tRNA

Charged has an amino acid.

tRNA charging reaction

aaRS (Arse) attaches to the arse of the tRNA with an amino acid and an ATP, the energy of the ATP allows for an aminoacyl bond.

What part of the tRNA does the amino acid bind to.

3’

Initiation

Assembly of ribosome/mRNA/initiator tRNA

Elongation

translating codons into amino acids.

Termination

Stop codon is reached, protein is released. Ribosome complex dissasembles.

Prokaryotic initiation

Prokaryotic mRNA’s bind to 5’ Ribosome Binding Site (RBS)

rRNA enzymes in the small subunit bind to 5’ RBS of mRNA. Initiator tRNA binds to start codon. Large ribosomal subunit joins in.

Initiation in eukaryotes

Small subunit and initiator tRNA bind to 5’ cap. Finds start codon and attaches large subunit.