Respiratory & Digestive System Flashcards

Use these flashcards to study key terms and concepts related to the respiratory and digestive systems.

Respiration involves the __.

Exchange of gases between an organism and the environment.

The nasal cavity __.

Filters, warms, and moistens air.

The pharynx is a __.

Common passageway for air, food, and liquid.

The larynx is responsible for the __.

Production of sound.

The trachea is the __.

Main airway.

Alveoli are __.

Air sacs for gas exchange.

Functions of the nasal passages include __.

Passageway for respiration, receptors for smell, filters, moistens, and warms incoming air, resonating chambers for voice.

In the nostrils, __.

Hairs act as filters, mucous traps particles and keeps the lining moist.

The mouth __.

Allows a larger volume of air to be transported.

The pharynx is __.

Common to both the digestive system and respiratory system.

The epiglottis is a __.

Flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea when swallowing.

The larynx __.

Maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production.

The trachea __.

Transports air to and from lungs, C shaped cartilage keeps trachea open and covered in cilia with mucous.

The bronchi __.

Branch into lungs, there are two of them.

Bronchioles are __.

Smaller and finer branches to lung, lined with cilia and mucus to eject dust & pathogens.

The pleural membrane is a __.

Double layered membrane surrounding the lung, reduces friction between lungs and ribs.

The diaphragm is a __.

Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, used in breathing process.

Rib muscles are also known as __.

Intercostal muscles, found between the ribs and help in the breathing process.

The alveoli are the __.

Point of gas exchange, air sacs at end of bronchioles.

External respiration involves __.

Gases exchanged between air and blood through diffusion(high à low concentration).

Internal respiration means __.

Gases exchanged between blood and tissues.

Breathing (ventilation) is __.

Air in to and out of lungs.

Cellular respiration involves __.

Oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste.

During inspiration/inhalation the __.

Diaphragm contracts (moves down), intercostal muscles contract (chest rises), increase in lung volume.

During expiration/exhalation the __.

Diaphragm relaxes up (moves up), intercostal muscles relax (rib cage falls), decrease in lung volume.

Tidal Volume is the __.

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath.

Inspiratory reserve volume is __.

Additional volume of air that can be taken into lungs beyond tidal.

Expiratory reserve volume is __.

Additional volume of air you can force out of your lungs.

Vital Capacity is the __.

Total lung volume capacity (tidal + inspiratory reserve (IRV + expiratory reserve ERV).

Residual volume is the __.

Amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways even after a full exhalation.

During oxygen transport __.

Hemoglobin transports about 97% of the oxygen, 3% will diffuse into the plasma.

During carbon dioxide transport __.

CO2 continually diffuses into the blood plasma.

The Medulla Oblongata -- breathing center __.

controls rate and depth of breathing

During respiration __.

Air is warmed, then exhaled, resulting in a significant source of heat loss.

Tonsillitis is a __.

Infection of the tonsils, usually viral.

Laryngitis is a __.

Inflammation of the larynx, usually viral can be caused by allergies or straining of voice.

Bronchitis means __.

Inflamed bronchi’s filled with mucus.

Pneumonia means __.

Alveoli are inflamed and filled with liquid, interferes with gas exchange.

Pleurisy is __.

Swelling and irritation of the pleura.

Emphysema means __.

Alveoli break down and lose elasticity, difficult to exhale.

Cystic Fibrosis is a __.

Genetic condition, very thick mucus – can cause infection, digestive issues.

Asthma is a __.

Chronic obstructive lung disease – inflammation of airways, triggered by exercise, allergens.

Lung Cancer means __.

Abnormal growth of cells in lungs.

During Toxicity __.

CO attaches to the hemoglobin molecule 200 times stronger (and faster) than O2 or CO2.

The six essential nutrients are __.

Water, Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Minerals, Vitamins.

Vitamins and Minerals __.

Are NOT macromolecules, are essential to the structure and function of cells.

Carbohydrates are used for __.

Energy storage.

Lipids are used for __.

Energy storage & cell membranes.

Proteins are used for __.

Cell function!

Nucleic Acids are used for __.

Storage of genetic information.

Dehydration synthesis involves __.

Removing water.

Hydrolysis involves __.

Adding water.

Monosaccharides (reducing sugars) __.

Simple sugars, ratio of 1:2:1 – carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Disaccharide is __.

A combination of two mono’s through dehydration synthesis (lose a water).

Polysaccharides are __.

Many mono’s – starch, glycogen and cellulose.

Glycogen is when __.

Animals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.

Cellulose __.

Cannot be digested by humans “fiber/roughage”.

During the Benedicts test __.

Reagent turns orange ---- brick red when exposed to heat if reducing sugars (carbohydrates) are present.

During the Starch test __.

Iodine (red/brown) turns black in the presence of starch.

Lipids are a __.

Concentrated source of energy.

Triglycerides are __.

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Saturated fats have __.

Only single bonds.

Unsaturated fats __.

Have double bonds.

Phospholipids have a __.

Phosphate group bonded to the glycerol backbone.

Proteins are __.

Needed for growth and repair of the body.

Polypeptides are __.

Chains of amino acids, due to the peptide bonds.

Enzymes __.

Acts as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction.

Enzymes Are specific __.

For what they will catalyze, are Reusable.

How do enzymes work? __.

Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy.

The substrate is __.

The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on.

The Active Site is __.

A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.

Induced Fit is __.

A change in the configuration (shape) of an enzyme’s active site.

Environmental Conditions that affect enzyme activity are __.

Extreme Temperature, pH, and Ionic concentration.

Cofactors and Coenzymes __.

Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity.

Competitive inhibitors __.

Chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.

Noncompetitive inhibitors __.

Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme.

Saliva is a __.

Watery, slippery fluid produced by the salivary glands that contains the enzyme amylase, responsible for chemical digestion of starch.

Esophagus is a __.

Long muscular tube that contracts in a rhythmic motion called peristalsis.

The stomach is a __.

J-shaped sac with a capacity of about 1.5 L that is also the site of food storage and digestion.

Mucus __.

coats the inner lining of the stomach, protecting it, from its own digestive juices.

Hydrochloric Acid (hcl) __.

Kills harmful bacteria in the stomach.

The Duodenum is __.

Shortest and widest.

The Jejunum is __.

Middle section, contains more folds and continues to break down food.

The Ileum __.

Last segment, contains fewer and smaller villi, absorbs nutrients and push remaining undigested material into large intestine.

Villi are __.

Small finger like projections from the interior of the small intestine.

The large intestine (colon) __.

Re-absorbs water, minerals and some vitamins.

Rectum & Anus is __.

last section of digestive tract

The Pancreas __.

Delivers 1 L of fluid to the duodenum a day.

The Liver__.

Continually produces a fluid called bile that helps with fat digestion

Carbohydrate Digestion __.

Starts in mouth – amylase. Stops in stomach. Starts again in duodenum.

Protein Digestion __.

Trypsin and chymotrypsin (from pancreas)are activated in the duodenum. Break down long chain polypeptides.

Pepsin is an __.

Enzyme responsible for the digestion of proteins.

Fat Digestion __.

Bile emulsifies fat (physical process). Lipase (from pancreas)breaks it down into glycerol and fatty acids, and absorbed by diffusion.

Peptic Ulcers __.

are caused by a breakdown of the protective mucous lining in the stomach.

Acid Reflux __.

Aka “heartburn” is caused by the movement of gastric juices (acidic) back into the esophagus.

Inflammatory bowel disease includes __.

Inflammation in the intestines, Can cause diarrhea and rectal bleeding.

Gallstones are __.

Crystals of bile salt that form in the gallbladder

Jaundice is __.

Yellowing of the skin and tissues due to an accelerated destruction of red blood cells.

Cirrhosis is __.

Chronic inflammation of the liver caused by nutritional deprivation or infection.