lecture three - juvenile

Flashcards covering key vocabulary, trends, definitions, and impacts related to families and delinquency, child maltreatment, family violence, and the child welfare system, based on the lecture notes.

Family Living Arrangements (Trends)

The percentage of Americans (ages 25-49) living with one spouse and one or more children under 18 dropped from 64% in 1970 to 37% by 2021, with an increase in other family types.

Ideal Family Size

Americans' ideal family size is smaller than in the past, with a growing portion of adults not planning to have children.

Children Living with Single Parents

There are more children living with single parents than ever before, and the profile of unmarried parents has shifted.

Family Structure

The makeup of the family and their current living situation, forming the 'form' of the family (e.g., two-parent, one-parent, extended, stepfamilies).

Family Process

The quality of interactions within the family, including attachment, supervision, conflict, and discipline, representing the 'quality of relationships'.

Impact of Parental Incarceration

Children are more likely to have a caregiver who abuses drugs, experience abuse, witness domestic violence, move residences, live in poverty, and face trauma, poor school performance, and truancy.

Child Exposure to Violence

25% of children will experience some form of exposure to violence, with varying rates for physical abuse (5-35%), sexual abuse (5-30%), and witnessing domestic violence (10-20%).

Child Maltreatment

Includes abuse (physical, emotional, sexual) and neglect (physical, emotional, educational), with an average of 5 children dying each day from it in 2018.

Child Neglect

Experienced by children more than any other form of maltreatment, with three types: physical, emotional, and educational. Abandonment is also included in 17 U.S. states and DC.

Physical Abuse (Definition)

Physical acts that cause injury, potentially differing in definition based on time, place, and audience; 42 states define it as acts or circumstances threatening harm or creating substantial risk to a child's welfare.

Emotional Abuse (Definition)

Constant criticism, rejection, or demeaning of the child; adults failing to spend quality time; children's opinions not respected. Difficult to define, apply, and prove in court.

Sexual Abuse (Definition)

Includes rape, molestation, incest, and internet exploitation; more common in girls and older children (12-15) and difficult to detect.

Internet Exploitation

Exploitation occurring when child sexual predators use the Internet for communicating with potential victims, exchanging child pornography, locating victims, or engaging in inappropriate sexual communication.

Maltreatment and Delinquency Link

Experiencing maltreatment increases an individual’s risk for juvenile arrest by 53% and probability of adult arrest for violent crime by 38%.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

Childhood experiences of abuse and neglect that increase the risk for depression, suicide attempts, multiple sexual partners, STDs, teen pregnancy, and substance use.

Developmental Impacts of Maltreatment

Can alter brain development (impulse control, emotional regulation), cause psychological effects (shame, low self-esteem), and create criminogenic environments where abuse is normalized.

Intervention Stages (Child Maltreatment)

The four stages are Accusation/Report, Investigation, Risk Assessment, and Decision & Action.