AP BIO Unit 5 Test Review

studied byStudied by 1 person
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

What are homologous chromosomes?

1 / 77

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

78 Terms

1

What are homologous chromosomes?

Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, sometimes with different alleles

New cards
2

What is a gene?

basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA

New cards
3

What is an allele?

Different forms of a gene

New cards
4

Purpose of meiosis

produce gametes

New cards
5

Why in meiosis the chromosome number is halved?

Halves the sex cells in half, so that in fertilization, it will result in a normal amount of chromosomes (46 -> 23)

New cards
6

What is the end product of meiosis?

4 haploid cells

New cards
7

stages of meiosis in order

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

New cards
8

What happens in meiosis I?

  • Homologous chromosomes pair up

  • Homologous chromosomes separates

  • Two haploid cells are made with their sister chromatids still joined.

New cards
9

What happens in meiosis II?

  • Sister chromatids separate

  • 4 haploid daughter cells are formed

New cards
10

Significance of meiosis

Causes genetic variation

New cards
11

How is genetic variation achieved?

  • crossing over

  • independent assortment

  • random fertilization

  • mutations

New cards
12

What is crossing over?

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

New cards
13

How does crossing over contribute to genetic variation?

Crossing over creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent

New cards
14

What is independent assortment ?

random separation of homologous chromosomes

New cards
15

How does independent assortment contribute to genetic variation?

each gamete ends up with a different set of DNA

  • independent assortment affects which chromosomes end up in each cell

New cards
16

How does random fertilization contribute to genetic variation?

each parent to randomly contributes a unique set of genes to a zygote

New cards
17

What is a recessive allele?

A form of a gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele

New cards
18

What is a dominant allele?

A form of a gene that is fully expressed, even when two different alleles are present

New cards
19

What is the law of segregation?

Parents pass on only one allele for each gene

New cards
20

What is the law of independent assortment?

during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

  • EX. which allele a gamete receives for gene A has no bearing of which allele a gamete receives for gene B

  • ONLY DEALS WITH UNLINKED GENES

New cards
21

What are unlinked genes?

genes located on different chromosomes

New cards
22

What are linked genes?

genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

New cards
23

What is a punnett square?

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

New cards
24

What is a dihybrid cross?

a cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits

New cards
25

What is the probability rule regarding multiplication?

Independent events that occur in a sequence; "AND"

New cards
26

What is the probability rule regarding addition?

Events not happening in a sequence; "OR"

New cards
27

What is incomplete dominance?

when one allele is not completely dominant over the other; blending of traits from parents (red+white=pink)

New cards
28

What is codominance?

both alleles contribute to the phenotype

New cards
29

How does the environment affect phenotype?

Exposure to certain things in the environment can affect gene expression and what phenotype is displayed.

New cards
30

What is a pedigree?

a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

New cards
31

What is autosomal recessive?

no skipping, many affect; two recessive needs to be present in order for the disease or trait to develop.

New cards
32

What is autosomal dominant?

Dominant in a trait that is not directly involved in determining sex; no skipping and many affected

New cards
33

What are sex-linked traits?

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.

New cards
34

What is X-linked recessive?

mother/son and father/daughter links, skipping of gen

New cards
35

What is x linked dominant?

  • Expressed in female in one copy

  • more males affected

New cards
36

What is mitochondrial inheritance?

trait inherited from the moms and passes down to all kids

New cards
37

What is a genetic map?

ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

New cards
38

What is nondisjunction?

Failure for chromosomes to separate properly.

New cards
39

What can nondisjunction lead to?

genetic abnormalities and chromosomal disorders

New cards
40

Name the 5 altercations of chromosome structure (mutations).

  • deletion

  • insertion

  • duplication

  • translocation

  • inversion

New cards
41

What is a deletion mutation?

one nucleotide is taken away from a gene or DNA sequence

New cards
42

What is an insertion mutation?

The addition of a single nucleotide

New cards
43

What is a duplication mutation?

repeats a segment

New cards
44

What is an inversion mutation?

Reverses a segment within a chromosome

  • BDE -> BED

New cards
45

What is a translocation mutation?

moves a segment from one chromosome to another, nonhomologous one

New cards
46

What type of chromosomal mutation is least disruptive?

point mutation because one base pair is exchanged and frame shift does not occur

New cards
47

What does mitosis produce?

2 identical diploid cells

New cards
48

What does meiosis produce?

4 differing haploid cells

New cards
49

What does meiosis result in?

daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

New cards
50

What happens in anaphase II?

sister chromatids separate

New cards
51

Where does crossing over occur?

prophase I

New cards
52

Where does random assortment occur?

metaphase I

New cards
53

These chromosomes possess the same structure and genes, but are not identical. They contain different alleles for the same genes. Offspring receive one from each parent.

homologous chromosomes

New cards
54

Name the pattern of inheritance: males primarily affected. Women are typically carriers because they have 2 X chromosomes. Fathers cannot pass on to sons.

x linked recessive

New cards
55

once you solve for chi square to make meaning of your calculation, what is your next step?

determine the degrees of freedom

New cards
56

The closer two linked genes are on a chromosome, the ______ likely they are to be separated by crossing over?

less

New cards
57

the environment can change the ________ of an organism

phenotype

New cards
58

Choose the correct genotype for two traits of a recessive individual in a pure breeding parent generation

aabb

New cards
59

a type of mutation where chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

nondisjunctional

New cards
60

Diploid number is 50, what is haploid number?

25

New cards
61

process by which sexually reproducing organisms produce genetically diverse haploid gamates?

meiosis

New cards
62

crossing over results in…

recombinant chromatids

New cards
63

Name the inheritance pattern: affected mothers with all affected children

mitochondrial

New cards
64

two genes on the same chromosomes have a recombination frequency of 25%. How many map units are they apart from each other?

25 map units

New cards
65

How many cell divisions are in meiosis?

2

New cards
66

During crossing over ________ exchange genetic information

non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

New cards
67

Name the pattern of inheritance: unaffected parents have affected offspring

autosomal recessive

New cards
68

Chromosomes moving to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase takes place during….

both mitosis and meiosis

New cards
69

Due to light level changes in the environments, an arctic hare’s fur changes from white to brown depending on the season. How has the hare changed?

the phenotype changed

New cards
70

T/F Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I

TRUE

New cards
71

Mutations during _______ can be passed on to offspring

meiosis

New cards
72

Chi square vale is 6.2. Critical value is 7.81.

fail to reject the null. results are due by chance, the chi square value is less than the critical

New cards
73

3 ways meiosis contributes to genetic diversity

fertilization, crossing over, random assortment

New cards
74

reproduction that does not require the production and fusion of gametes?

asexual reproduction

New cards
75

a benefit of sexual reproduction

increases genetic diversity

New cards
76

Choose the correct genotype for an individual who is homozygous dominant for two traits

AABB

New cards
77

Chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell takes place in….

both mitosis and meiosis

New cards
78

T/F When genes are linked the majority of the phenotypes of the offspring will resemble the phenotypes of the parents

TRUE

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 68 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 132 people
... ago
5.0(2)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (21)
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (83)
studied byStudied by 24 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (45)
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (105)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (105)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
4.0(1)
robot