Computers (EdExcel)

Computer

An electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data based on instructions provided by software.

Input-Process-Output Cycle

The cycle in which a computer receives data (input), manipulates it (process), and displays useful information (output).

Supercomputers

Extremely powerful machines used for complex simulations such as climate modeling and cryptography.

Mainframe Computers

Large systems used by organizations for large-scale processing, such as banking transactions and airline bookings.

Personal Computers (PCs)

General-purpose devices used for home and office tasks.

Embedded Systems

Small, specialized computers built into devices like washing machines, ATMs, and traffic lights.

Hardware

The physical components of a computer, categorized into input, processing, storage, and output devices.

Software

A set of instructions that tells hardware what to do, including system software and application software.

Motherboard

The main circuit board that connects all components of the computer.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The 'brain' of the computer that executes instructions using the fetch-decode-execute cycle.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Volatile memory that temporarily stores data for active programs.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Non-volatile memory that retains stored data even when the computer is powered off.

Virtual Memory

A portion of the hard drive or SSD used as extra memory when RAM is full.

Cache Memory

High-speed memory located closer to the CPU that stores frequently accessed data.

Storage Devices

Devices used to retain data permanently or temporarily, categorized into magnetic, optical, and solid-state storage.

Magnetic Storage

Storage using magnetic disks, such as HDDs, offering large capacity at lower costs.

Optical Storage

Storage that uses laser technology to read and write data on disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.

Input Devices

Devices that allow users to enter data into a computer, such as keyboards and mice.

Output Devices

Devices that display or produce results after processing, including monitors and printers.

Operating System (OS)

System software that manages hardware, software, memory, and processes, providing a user interface.

Utility Software

Programs that maintain and optimize system performance, including antivirus programs and backup utilities.

Internet

The largest wide area network (WAN) that connects computers around the world.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that covers a small area such as homes, schools, and offices.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network that covers large distances, such as the internet or company branches.

High-Level Programming Languages

User-friendly languages, like Python and Java, that are closer to human language in syntax.

Low-Level Programming Languages

Languages, such as assembly language, that are closer to hardware and provide direct control over hardware.

Cooling System

Includes heat sinks and fans to prevent overheating of computer components.

Control Unit (CU)

Directs the flow of data within the CPU and coordinates the execution of instructions.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Performs mathematical operations and logical comparisons within the CPU.

Cache Memory Levels (L1, L2, L3)

Different layers of cache memory with varying speeds and sizes used to enhance processing speed.

Embedded Systems Applications

Used in appliances, medical devices, and robotics to perform specific tasks.

Optical Disk Storage

Provides low-cost media distribution, storing data using laser technology.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

Initializes hardware during the booting process of a computer.

SSD (Solid State Drive)

A type of storage device that uses flash memory to provide faster data access compared to HDDs.

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

A type of magnetic storage device that uses spinning disks to read and write data.

Firmware

A type of software that is embedded into hardware, providing control and functionality for the device.

Computer Virus

A malicious software program designed to damage or disrupt a computer's functionality.

Malware

Software specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

Cloud Storage

A model of data storage in which digital data is stored in logical pools, typically hosted by third-party service providers.

Data Backup

The process of copying and archiving computer data so it can be accessed later in case of loss or corruption.

Network Protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices in a network.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

The fundamental suite of protocols used for the internet to facilitate communication over networks.

Ethernet

A widely used networking technology that defines a system for connecting computers in a network with a LAN.