History of Life (chapter 3)

________ occurs when fit hybrids, which are produced by distinct species, maintain separate lineages.
Stability
Fusion
Reinforcement

Stability

The ________ is the sum of all the alleles in a population.
genotypic frequencies
gene pool
gene bank

gene pool

After speciation occurs, populations ________.
must no longer interact
are incapable of interbreeding
thrive under different environmental pressures

are incapable of interbreeding

What is the most specific taxonomic category?
species
genus
domain

species

When two species evolve in unique directions from a common point, the process of ________ is at work.
convergent evolution
divergent evolution
selective pressure

divergent evolution

The offspring of two different species is known as a ________.
hybrid
mutt
subspecies

hybrid

Which model of speciation is shown in the following image?

gradual speciation
punctuated equilibrium
sliding

punctuated equilibrium

The first eukaryotic cells may have evolved due to ________.
genome fusion
a ring of life model
horizontal gene transfer

genome fusion

A mouse population that originally ranges from white to black becoming mostly grey over several generations is an example of what type of selection?
directional
diversifying
stabilizing

stabilizing

Phylogenetic trees ________.
show the evolutionary connections among organisms
identify specific changes leading to new species
confirm working hypotheses about species relationships

show the evolutionary connections among organisms

Typically, islands are ________ for increased evolutionary pressures.
a neutral setting
an ideal setting
a poor setting

an ideal setting

Molecular systematics works best when used ________.
in conjunction with morphologic information
as a standalone measure of evolutionary relationships
as a verification of phenotype-based relationships

in conjunction with morphologic information

Evolution is fundamentally a ________.
change in biological habitats
change in gene variation over time
change in the environment that cause genetic changes

change in gene variation over time

Individuals often choose to mate with partners who are phenotypically similar to them. This type of mate choice is known as ________.
assortative mating
geographical selection
sexual dimorphism

assortative mating

One of the principles of ________ is that organisms will compete for resources.
sexual selection
evolution
natural selection

natural selection

A ________ can also be called a monophyletic group.
clade
domain
kingdom

clade

A population is said to be in equilibrium if ________.
the overall size remains the same
no migration occurs
no evolutionary forces influence it

no evolutionary forces influence it

Species that are ________ will have a lot of genetic similarities.
have similar needs
located in the same habitat
closely related

closely related

The process of ________ results in two species uniting into a single species.
stability
reinforcement
fusion

fusion

Ultimately, species remain separate because they do not share ________.
gene pools
geographical ranges
physical features

gene pools

The ________ system uses a hierarchical model for classification.
Linnaean
Darwinian
Mendelian

Linnaean

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies ________.
are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force
in constant flux
have no impact on speciation

are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force

A(n) ________ phylogenetic tree has a single lineage at the base.
rooted
branched
unrooted

rooted

According to ________, increased reproductive success is based on traits favored by a particular environment.
natural selection
sexual selection
evolution

natural selection

________ occurs within populations that continue to inhabit the same space.
Sympatric speciation
Allopatric speciation
Reproductive isolation

Sympatric speciation

Heritability refers to ________.
a trait being genetically controlled
the phenotypic variation due to genetic differences
the effect of chance on a phenotype

the phenotypic variation due to genetic differences

Population genetics focuses on studying changes in ________.
species diversity
allele frequencies
epistatic genes

allele frequencies

Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
a moth population that is originally grey gradually dividing into discrete white and black populations over several generations
a flower population that originally ranges from white to red becoming mostly pink over several generations
a mouse population that is originally white in color becoming darker in color after several generations

a mouse population that is originally white in color becoming darker in color after several generations

In hybrid zones, two distinct species ________.
unite into a single species
produce fit hybrids that maintain separate lineages
continue to produce offspring with one another

continue to produce offspring with one another

Scientists studying shared anatomical features are looking at ________.
vestigial structures
homologous structures
redundant structures

homologous structures

________ is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive.
Evolution
Mutation
Natural selection

Evolution

________ populations are more susceptible to genetic drift.
Large
Interbreeding
Small

Small

________ summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth
A phylogenetic tree
A scientific name
A taxonomy

A phylogenetic tree

________ is recognized as the father of evolution but ________ also helped develop the idea.
Charles Darwin; Alfred Wallace
Thomas Malthus; Peter Grant
Alfred Wallace; Thomas Malthus

Charles Darwin; Alfred Wallace

A clade is a group of organisms ________.
that share analogous features
that share derived characteristics
descended for a single ancestor

descended for a single ancestor

The basis of allopatric speciation is ________.
adaptative radiation
reproductive isolation
geographic separation of populations

geographic separation of populations

Structures with no apparent function in a modern organism are ________.
vestigial
redundant
leftover

vestigial

The Linnaean taxonomic system is ________.
being forsaken
fluid
static

fluid

The first phylogenetic tree was constructed by ________.
Darwin
Linnaeus
Woese

Darwin

Phylogenies are based on the idea of ________.
molecular systematics
minimum parsimony
maximum parsimony

maximum parsimony

The main driver behind changes in the rate of speciation is ________.
environmental stability
the rate of genetic mutations
an organism's lifespan

environmental stability

During ________, populations change over time.
evolution
mutation
adaptation

evolution

In order for organisms to change over generations, there must first be ________.
environmental pressure
genetic variation
competition

genetic variation

An unrooted phylogenetic tree ________.
has a single lineage at the base
shows relationships but not lineage between species.
does not show relationships between species

shows relationships but not lineage between species.

According to the ________ model, species diverge over long spans of time by incremental changes.
gradual speciation
punctuated equilibrium
sliding

gradual speciation

_______ structures have a similar function; ________ have a similar embryonic origin.
Homologous; analogous
Analogous; homoplastic
Analogous; homologous

Analogous; homologous

A ________ may occur with no obvious selective pressures at work.
mutation
genetic drift
founder effect

genetic drift

Population geneticists are most interested in ________.
genetic sequences
allele frequencies
genetic structure

genetic structure

Which of the following is NOT a common misconception about evolution?
Evolution occurs through a process called natural selection.
Species become better over time.
Individual organisms evolve over the course of their lifetime.

Evolution occurs through a process called natural selection.

Horizontal gene transfer is considered particularly important in the evolution of ________.
prokaryotes
all life on Earth
eukaryotes

prokaryotes

Populations change over time by ________, while species arise by ________.
microevolution; macroevolution
macroevolution; microevolution
microevolution; speciation

microevolution; macroevolution

Fossil evidence allows scientists to determine ________.
when organisms lived relative to each other
when an organism died
exactly when an organism lived

when organisms lived relative to each other

Charles Darwin observed that only organisms that were best suited for their environment survive to pass on their traits to the next generation. What did Darwin call this process?
Natural Selection
Evolution
Genetic Variation
Biodiversity

Natural Selection

The present-day theory of evolution is supported by all of the following statements EXCEPT?

Evolution can happen within one individual over a lifetime or over millions of years

Jonah is studying evolutionary relationships between species of primates and canines and has noticed that they share some similarities in the bone structure of their limbs. This type of evidence supports the theory of evolution. What type of evidence is this?

Anatomical Evidence

While on a hike in South America Daria discovered what she thinks is a new species of monkey. Which of the following would confirm that the monkey is in fact a new species?

They are unable to mate with any similar known species to produce fertile, viable offspring

A population of rabbits lives on a mountainside which has a stream flowing down it. During a storm a new branch of that stream is formed which separates part of the rabbit population from the rest. Over time these two groups of rabbits which used to be part of the same population begin to evolve independently due to slight differences in their habitats. These rabbits are an example of ________.

allopatric speciation

Two species of salamander living in the same area were once part of the same species population. They are still able to mate to produce hybrids but the hybrids that they are producing are less fit for the environment than either of the 2 populations. What will most likely happen to this hybrid zone of reproduction over time?

reinforcement will occur and the two species will continue to diverge from one another until they can no longer mate

Which of the following statements is false?
Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a small population that experiences a rapid change in its environment.
Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a large population that lives in a stable climate.
Gradual speciation is most likely to occur in species that live in a stable climate.
Gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium both result in the divergence of species.
Show Answer

Punctuated equilibrium is most likely to occur in a large population that lives in a stable climate.

A species that has undergone a very sudden and drastic change in environmental conditions is likely to see an immediate change in their gene pool that would cause divergence to take place. This population might then remain stable for hundreds of years until another change in environment causes a shift. What is this an example of?

punctuated equilibrium

Rottweilers and poodles are members of the same ________ because they can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring.
genus
species
family

species

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding population genetics?

Allele frequencies remain unchanged until a new species has formed from the original population

The Hardy-Weinberg principle suggests all of the following EXCEPT?

Equation will hold true and accurate depict regardless of genetic drift and mutations

Trees which release pollen that flows through the wind over long distances to pollinate trees of the same species is an example of?

Gene flow

Different types of natural selection can impact the distribution of phenotypes within a population (refer back to Figures 1, 2, and 3). In recent years, factories have become cleaner, and less soot is released into the environment. What impact do you think this has had on the distribution of moth color in the population?

Moths have shifted to a lighter color.

Give an example of a trait that may have evolved as a result of the handicap principle and explain your reasoning.

The peacock's tail is a good example of the handicap principle. The tail, which makes the males more visible to predators and less able to escape, is clearly a disadvantage to the bird's survival. But because it is a disadvantage, only the most fit males should be able to survive with it. Thus, the tail serves as an honest signal of quality to the females of the population; therefore, the male will earn more matings and greater reproductive success.

List the ways in which evolution can affect population variation and describe how they influence allele frequencies.

There are several ways evolution can affect population variation: stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection, frequency-dependent selection, and sexual selection. As these influence the allele frequencies in a population, individuals can either become more or less related, and the phenotypes displayed can become more similar or more disparate.

There are several ways evolution can affect population variation: stabilizing selection, directional selection, diversifying selection, frequency-dependent selection, and sexual selection. As these influence the allele frequencies in a population, individuals can either become more or less related, and the phenotypes displayed can become more similar or more disparate.

Directional Selection

Zaria is constructing a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary history of salamanders. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the construction of her tree?

The branches of her phylogentic tree show how long it took for each species shown to evolve

At what levels are cats and dogs considered to be part of the same group?

Cats and dogs are part of the same group at five levels: both are in the domain Eukarya, the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, the class Mammalia, and the order Carnivora.

Cats and dogs are part of the same group at five levels: both are in the domain Eukarya, the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, the class Mammalia, and the order Carnivora.

same genus

Penguins and fish both have fins which help them swim through water but are not closely related at all. This is an example of which of the following?

Analogous Structures

Which animals in this figure belong to a clade that includes animals with hair? Which evolved first, hair or the amniotic egg?

Rabbits and humans belong in the clade that includes animals with hair. The amniotic egg evolved before hair because the Amniota clade is larger than the clade that encompasses animals with hair.

What is the largest clade in this diagram?

The largest clade encompasses the entire tree.

Cladistics help to organize organisms based on shared homologous characteristics. Which of the following is considered FALSE when looking at a cladogram?

A clad can stem from multiple points on a phylogentic tree

The traditional phylogenetic tree model has come under much criticism due to the fact that we now know gene transfer and gene fusion make the simple tree model a less accurate representation of evolutionary relationships. Which of the following models suggests that all life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes?

The ring of life model

What is the correct binomial nomenclature for humans

Homo sapiens Italicized

Which protists are responsible for diseases such as malaria and African sleeping sickness

Protozoan

Which kingdom includes heterotrophic organisms that function as decomposers

kingdom fungi

Which purpose does binomial nomenclature serve

to provide a unique, formal name

Similarities in genetics are a better indication between organisms than morphological similarities

true

Slime molds are considered to be the link between the kingdom protista and the kingdom plantae

false

Which supergroup includes humans

Opisthokonta

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms using morphological traits, behavior information, and molecular data is called

Phylogenetics

Which type of protist serves a number of commercial applications including ice cream laxatives and dyes

algae

Which of the following is not used as a way to group organisms in taxology

Geographical Location

Which super group contains plants

Archaeplastida

Why is it important to use Latin names for organisms in a specific setting

because some organisms have several common names

Which of the following is frequently used for phylogenetic studies

rrna

Bacteria, eukarya, and Archaea are

Domains

Which group contains organisms with the cell wall made of chitin

Fungi

Groups of organisms are

taxa

Does the death cap mushroom perform photosynthesis

no

kingdom of ants

animalia

Which group needs work because the organism in this group may not share common ancestors and therefore may be closely related to organisms in other groups

protista

Best reasoning for using scientific Latin names

so that scientists around the world can all know what organism someone is referring to

What is taxonomy

the science of categorizing organisms

Which grouping is more inclusive (kingdom or class)

kingdom

There are about ___ known species

2 million

___ illustrates the relationships among organism

phylogenetic tree