AP World Unit 9 | AP Exam Review

Changes in Communication (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

New tech

• Radio

• Cell phone

• Internet

• Air travel

• International shipping lanes

Effects of Changes in Communication (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

Public calls for reform (Arab Spring called for govt reforms across Middle East)

Changes in Food Production (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

Green Revolution brought new genetically modified foods to increase food yields

Effects of Changes in Food Production (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

• Increase in global population

• New concerns about long0term effects of GMOs on pollinators (bees)

Changes in Medicine (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

Alexander Fleming discovered:

• Penicillin

• Increased vaccination campaigns (Jonas Salk & polio vaccine)

• Birth control for women

Effects of Changes in Medicine (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

• Increase in global population (from not dying from easily treatable diseases/infections)

• Eradication of polio

• Declining birth rate (Women having fewer children w/ fertility options)

Changes in Energy (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

Increase in use of nuclear power & other green energy sources (wind, solar)

Effects of Changes in Energy (9.1 Advantages in Tech & Exchange)

Decrease reliance on fossil fuels, declining coal use globally

Environmental Factor - Poverty (9.2 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Disease)

Lead to spread of disease with:

• Poor living & working conditions

• Lack of clean water

• Lack of access to healthcare

Some diseases w/ cures still kill many (ie. Malaria, Tuberculosis, & Cholera)

• Doctors w/o Borders, an NGO, has worked to provide vaccines & healthcare to empoverished areas

Environmental Factor - Longevity (9.2 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Disease)

As people live longer, disease associated w/ age have become more common place (ie. Heart disease & Alzheimer's disease)

• New treatments (ie. heart transplant [Christian Barnard] & artificial heart [Robert Jarvik])

Environmental Factor - Globalization (9.2 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Disease)

As people move around the world w/ more ease than ever, there's a rise in epidemics (local to a region like ebola & HIV/AIDS) & pandemics (across nations/global like 1918 Fle & Covid-19)

• World Health Organization (WHO) works to decrease epidemics by creating plans on dealing w/ outbreaks

Causes of Environmental Changes: Growing Population (9.3 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Environment)

(1900 = 1.6 billion, 200 = 6.12 billion) led to increase stresses on natural resources leading to overuse of land & ocean resources

Effects of Environmental Changes: Growing Population (9.3 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Environment)

• Deforestation from cutting down tres for more commercial farming (Rainforests in Latin America)

• Desertification form cutting trees & overusing land in arid lands (Middle East)

• Water scarcity w/ increased urbanization

Causes of Environmental Changes: Increase in Air Pollution (9.3 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Environment)

Spread of industrialization & increased carbon dioxide & greenhouse gases

Effects of Environmental Changes: Increase in Air Pollution (9.3 Tech Advantages & Limitations: Environment)

• Decline in air quality

• Warmer temps

• Rise in climate activism (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement)

• New age of Earth Anthropocene (Humans now main group affecting Earth)

Continuity: Western Economies (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Based on free-market principles in US (Ronald Reagan) & UK (Margaret Thatcher)

Change: Economic Liberalization (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Govts bringing in more free-market principles

• Spread to China under Deng Ziaoping

  • Reopened Shanghai stock market, ended communes, & slowly introduced free-market reforms in Easter China

  • Led to calls for political reforms but were shut down (Tienanmen Square)

Continuity: Transnational Businesses (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Increasing w/ globalization (ie. Microsoft & Google) investing in:

• India

• Nestle's food & water

• Mahindra

• Mahindra in China, South Korea, South Africa

Continuity: Manufacturing Export Economies (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Relied on by knowledge economies

• Manufacturing heavy in Vietnam (phones), Bangladesh (clothing), & Mexico (maquilladoras under NAFTA)

Change: Knowledge Economies (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Grown as manufacturing outsourced to other nations w/ less regulations & cheaper pay

• Finland grew as knowledge economy after fall of USSR

• US grew as knowledge economy w/ infotech

• Japan grew for info & communication technology as did other Asian Tigers (Singapore, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan)

Change: Free-Trade Organizations (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Formed like ASEAN (collective to bargain against China) & WTO (governs 90% global trade)

NAFTA (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

North American Free Trade Agreement

ASEAN (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

WTO (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

World Trade Organization

IMF (9.4 Economics in the Global Age)

International Monetary Fund

Challenge - Rights-Based Discourse (9.5 Calls for Reform & Responses)

• United Nations Declaration of Universal Human Rights, UNICEF, protection of refugees

• Negritude Movement celebrating black culture in West Africa

• Liberation Theology promoting socialist programs as a way to address inequities in Latin America

Challenge - Increased Political Access (9.5 Calls for Reform & Responses)

• US Civil Rights Movements led by Martin Luther King, Jr. led to US Civil Rights Act & Voting Rights Act in 1965 to address some systematic racism

• Nelson Mandela led the Anti-Apartheid (15% white population segregated 85% of population) movement in South Africa leading to the end of Apartheid, the Truth & Reconciliation Commission

• Caste Reservation in India outlawed discrimination against Dalits (untouchables) & brought affirmative action to govt jobs & college admissions

Challenge - Environmental Movements to Address Climate Change & Post-Colonial Environment Struggles (9.5 Calls for Reform & Responses)

• Earth Day on April 22nd of each year

• Green Belt Movement by Wangari Maathai in Kenya to plant trees to fight deforestation from Imperialism

Oppression of Minority Groups Maintained (9.5 Calls for Reform & Responses)

China struggles w/ treatment of minority groups (55 ethnic minorities)

• Seen in treatment of Tibetans & Uighurs

Why: Globalization (9.6 Globalized Culture)

• Globalization w/ its rise of multinational corps

• Increased communication through the Internet (social media, streaming sites) led to a more globalized culture

How: Globalization (9.6 Globalized Culture)

• Global companies (ie. eBay & Coca-Cola) helped spread cultures across nations

• New music spread from YouTube (ie. K-Pop from South Korea

• India creates the most films of any nation w/ Bollywood films

• 60% of animated cartoons based on anime

• Global Sports (ie. Olympics & World Cup Soccer)

• New Age Religions showed spread of Eastern religions (Buddhism, Shamanism, etc) to the West

Anti-Globalization Activism (9.7 Resistance to Globalization)

Started w/ Anti-WTO protests in Seattle in 1999 (40,000 protestors)

• Push for end of child labor, human rights, fair trade, sustainable development, debt relief (esp for nations who owe large loans to IMF)

Anti-Global Social Media Platforms (9.7 Resistance to Globalization)

2009 riot between Han Chinese & Uighur Chinese led to the ban of Facebook & Twitter & the creation of CCP-created Weibo

Why International Interactions Changed (9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World)

After WWII focus was on preventing future wars by increasing diplomacy through the United Nations & increasing globalized economies

How: United Nations (9.8 Institutions Developing in a Globalized World)

(General Assembly, Security Council) promotes a variety of international programs & peacekeeping operations

• UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

  • Freedom from slavery & torture

  • Equality before law

  • Right to own nationality

  • Right to own property

  • Freedom of thought

  • Equal pay

  • Children's rights

  • Right to food, shelter, healthcare, & education

• Human Rights Watch monitors this

• World Food Program fed 1.4 billion

• World Health Organization to control epidemics & provide vaccines

• World Bank & IMF work to improve economies (but face backlash)