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Allusion
A brief indirect reference to a person, event, place, or work of art.
Analogy(type of figurative language)
The comparison between 2 things, usually for explanation or clarification.
Anecdote
Short personal story within a text.
Call to action
Clear and direct message that should elicit a strong response from the audience.
Diction
The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.
Anaphora and epistrophe
The repetition of words or phrases in a group of sentences, clauses, or poetic lines.
The repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences. Example- ending many sentences with “the people."
Euphemism
The substitution of a mild or pleasant expression for one that is too strong or unpleasant. Example- boss “letting you go” instead of “firing.”
Hyperbole (type of figurative language) vs. understatement
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
Understatement- the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.
Imagery
When a speaker uses description words that invoke one of the audiences’s senses
Juxtaposition
Comparing things side by side. Contrasts.
Metaphor and simile (types of figurative language) vs understatement
Simile - used to compare something using like or as.
Metaphor- Direct comparison not using like or as.
Metonymy
A figure of speech where the name of one object is substituted for another object closely associated with it.
Oxymoron
A self-contradicting word or group of words(e.g. “deafening silence” or “organized chaos.”)
Paradox
A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement that, when investigated or explained, may prove to be true.
Parallelism / parallel structure
Repetition of format, grammatical structure, and pacing.
Personification (type of figurative language)
Giving something non-human human-like features. Example- “the sun is smiling.”
Pronoun use
Words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases.
Rhetorical question
Questions asked in order to create a dramatic effect or prove a point.
Satire
Use of humor, irony, sarcasm, or the ridicule of someone.
Symbolism
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Complex sentence vs. compound sentence
Complex- sentence containing at least one main clause and one subordinate clause.”
Compound- a sentence with more than one subject or predicate.
A clause is a sentence which always contains a subject (the thing doing the verb) and a verb (an action word).
Hortative sentence vs. imperative sentence
a sentence used to urge someone to do something or support a side.
a sentence that tells somebody to do something.
Periodic sentence
A complex sentence in which the main clause (main point) occurs at the end of the sentence instead of the beginning.
Syntax
The way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Tone
The attitude that an artist has towards the subject matter of something they create
Ethos
The character and credibility of the writer
Logos
The reason or logic used by the writer.
Pathos
The emotions used the by writer
Audience
Who will be reading the writing.
Bias
A tendency to prefer one person or thing to another, and to favor that person or thing.
Context
The parts of something written or spoken explained with a certain words or group of words that help to explain its meaning. Example- background like the year or day.
Connotation vs. denotation
Connotation- the use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal meaning
Denotation- The literal meaning/definiton of the word.
Exigence
An issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. Example- Why did they write this?
Mimesis
The imitation of life in art and literature. Example- Somebody loves someone but they don’t know how to express so they write it through a poem.
Occasion
The time and the place of the piece; the context that prompted the writing.
Persona
The voice and perspective an author adopts to tell a story
Purpose
The author’s reason for or intent in writing.
Speaker
Who is writing or talking about the work.
Subject
The noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that the sentence is about.