COSC Roy Swatzell

George Boole

The father if mathematical logic. Significant entity in the development of the computer. His log was used in the making of the computer.

Computer Architecture

The circuitry in a computer that controls the manipulation of data is called the central processing unit. The CPU consists of three parts: Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU), control unit and Register Unit.

The ALU

performs operations on data such as addition and subtraction

control unit

Contains circuitry for coordinating the machine's activities.

Register Unit

Contains data storage cell called registers

bus

Electronic connection that connects all the devices on the computer to the CPU and each other.

Main Memory

High speed memory associated with the CPU (but not included in the CPU) that stores computer programs for execution.

The idea of storing programs in main memory

stored program concept

Computer programs

In order for instructions to be executed by the CPU, they must be reduced to machine language.

Machine Language intructions

Consists of an instruction code followed by an address or addresses. When we generate code in higher level language like Qbasic, the computer uses a compiler to convert the instructions to machine code.

Clock

circuitry in the control unit that provides for coordinates instruction execution

Firmware

instructions stored in read only memory in devices to speed operations

machine cycle

fetch, decode, execute, store

Program Counter

internal counter that keeps up with the address of the next instruction to be decoded for execution

instruction register

is used to hold the instruction being decoded during execution.

Motherboard

Large circuit board that holds computer components. Called this because of its capability to extend its capabilities with the addition of daughterboard's or add on cards. It is also called the main board.

Bits

binary digits

gate

Building blocks from which computers are constructed

Memory (demo memory stick)

Main memory is organized in units called cells with a typical size of 8 bits. Each cell can be addressed with a unique name called it's address.

magnetic disk

Digital magnetic storage disks are divided into tracks and sectors (see figure 1.9) time to get data divided in seek time (move heads to track), latency (position heads over sector), transfer time (time to read data).

CD optical storage

The CD uses a laser to burn pits in surface of the CD, starting at the center and storing outward. The drive uses a mirror and light to read pits.

Flash Drives

The advantage of flash drives is high volume of storage with no mechanical overhead. High speed retrieval and rewrite capability.

SD (Secure Digital) Card

Flash technology up to 14 GBs. SDHC can go up to 32 GBs.

Data

can be stored as integers, floating point numbers and characters.

Computer Architecture

is a set of disciplines that describes a computer system by specifying its parts and their relations

Herman Hollerith

He built the first computer. Developed a mechanism using electrical connections to trigger a counter, recording information. A key idea was that data could be encoded by the locations of holes in a card. He was determined that data punched in specified location on a card, in the now-familiar rows and columns, could be counted or sorted mechanically.

Herman Hollerith (1860-1929)

Applied the concept of representing information as holes in paper cards to speed up the tabulation process in the 1890 US census.

Early Computers

Merely electronic calculators.

During WWI (1940s)

they were used by the military for firing calculations.

1945 John von Neumann

Develops the definition of modern computer architecture

1947 Bell Labs

Develops the first transistor

1954 the first commercial

Non government computer is delivered to the GE plant in Louisville Ky

1956 Grace Hopper

Develops the first Compiler (COBOL)

1960 Transistors

Replace vacuum for computer storage

1965

integrated circuits are applied to technology

1966

Texas Instrument delivers the first hand held calculator. (Cost $450)

1975

First microcomputer (MIT's Altair) commercially produced and marketed.

1977

Apple II introduced

1981

IBM PC introduced

1984

Apple Macintosh introduced

1992

AT&Ts video phone released

Labels used to identify character strings (character input)

Valid labels must be less than 12 characters, end in "$" and not contain blanks or symbols.
A$
Answer$
Size$
Name$

Labels used to identify numeric data (information)

Valid labels must be: less than 12 characters long, just begin with a character, must not contain blanks or symbols (-,=,',",<,>,@,#,^,*,&)
X
Priceofgas
Test1
Xys23m
Value

How do you add labels

INPUT Size$

Algorithm

A well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time

sequential

Processed in the order they occur

conditional

Processed under certain conditions

Iterative

processed repetitively for a specific number of times or until a condition is met

Arrays

used to store related data

Dimension Command

sets aside space for your array

Phases of the Compilation Process

1. Lexical Analysis
2. Parsing
3. Semantic Analysis and Code Generation
4. Code Optimization
5. Linking
6. Loading
7. Execution

token

Group of characters having collective meaning: typically a word or punctuation mark, separated by a lexical analyzer and passed to a parser.

Tokens
Patterns
Lexemes