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Alkane
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent C-C bonds.
Alkene
A hydrocarbon with a double bond. C=C.
Cycloalkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring
Alkyne
a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Haloalkane
compounds with a halogen group such as Cl2 or Br2
Functional group R-X. There are no chemical tests. Not miscible/soluble in water
Primary Alcohol
an alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon. do not react with cHCL/ZNCL2, not even after 10 minutes of heat
Secondary Alcohol
An alcohol in which the carbon connected to the OH group is also connected to 2 other carbon atoms. _____ alcohols go cloudy in cHCL/ZNCL2 after being heated gently for 10 minutes.
Tertiary Alcohol
An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons. _____ alcohols rapidly go cloudy with cHCL/ZNCL2.
Substitution Reaction
A functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group.
Elimination Reaction
A reaction where functional groups are removed from a reactant.
Methyl Group
A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
Structural Isomers
or Constitutional Isomers. Compounds which have the same formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged and have different physical properties and names.
Geometric Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of their atoms in -cis or -trans. Exist for Alkanes.
Markovnikov's Rule
for addition reactions; H goes on the Carbon that already has the most H's. The RICH GET RICHER
Saytzeff Rule
the poor gets poorer
Alkene
Properties: turns MNO4-/H+ from purple to colourless Mn2+. Also turns Orange Br2 colourless. Strongest intermolecular force of an ____ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water
Alkyne
Properties: Same chemical tests as alkenes. Strongest intermolecular force of an _____ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water
Carboxyloic acid
Properties: reacts with Carbonates to produce CO2 bubbles. Reacts with more reactive metals to produce Hydrogen. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding. Turns moist blue litmus red.
Alcohol
Properties: primary and secondary alcohols turn purple MNO4-/H+ to colourless Mn2+, and also turns Cr2O7 2- to green Cr3+. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding.
Carboxylate Salt
Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic.
Alkyl Ammonium Salt
Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic
Alcohol to Haloalkane
Substitution reaction using either cHCL/ZNCL2, PCL3, PCL5 or SOCL2.
Haloalkane to Alcohol
Substitution reaction KOH (aq) or NAOH.
Alcohol to Alkene
Elimination reaction using cH2SO4
Haloalkane to Alkene
Elimination reaction using KOH (alc)
Alkene to Haloalkane
Addition reaction with Hx
Alkene to Diol-alkane
Oxidation reaction with MNO4- , in which 2 OH groups are now attached, double bond is removed
Alkene to Dihaloalkane
Addition reaction using Br2 or Cl2
Alkene to Alkane
Addition reaction using Pt/H2 or Ni/H2
Alkane to Haloalkane
Substitution reaction using Br and UV light
Haloalkane to Amine
Substitution reaction using cNH3 or NH3 (alc). Functional group R-NH2
Amine to Alkyl Ammonium Salt
Acid/base reaction using Acid to get to Alkyl Ammonium salt. Functional group = R - NH3 - X+
Alcohol to Carboxylate Acid
Oxidation reaction using MNO4-/H+ REFLUX or Cr2O7 2- /H+ REFLUX
Carboxylate Acid to Carboxylate Salt
Formed when reacted with a base, carbonate or metal substance
Polymerisation
A chemical reaction in which small molecules called monomers are joined together covalently to form a polymer. Using high temperatures, pressure and a catalyst. Ethene to poylethene and propene = polypropene
Cracking
Longer chain alkanes are broken into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes
Pentanoic Acid
CH3(CH2)3COOH
2,3-dichlorobutane
CH3-CH-Cl-CH-Cl-CH3
2-amino, 4-methylpentane
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(NH2)-CH3
Sodium Butanoate
CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O-ONa
2,2-dimethylbutane
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3
Ethanol
CH3-CH2-OH
2-methylbutan-2-ol
CH3-COH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
3-methylbut-2-ene
CH3-C(CH3)=CH-CH3