Organic Chemistry Level 2 NCEA

Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent C-C bonds.

Alkene

A hydrocarbon with a double bond. C=C.

Cycloalkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms joined in a ring

Alkyne

a carbon compound with a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Haloalkane

compounds with a halogen group such as Cl2 or Br2

Functional group R-X. There are no chemical tests. Not miscible/soluble in water

Primary Alcohol

an alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon. do not react with cHCL/ZNCL2, not even after 10 minutes of heat

Secondary Alcohol

An alcohol in which the carbon connected to the OH group is also connected to 2 other carbon atoms. _____ alcohols go cloudy in cHCL/ZNCL2 after being heated gently for 10 minutes.

Tertiary Alcohol

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons. _____ alcohols rapidly go cloudy with cHCL/ZNCL2.

Substitution Reaction

A functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group.

Elimination Reaction

A reaction where functional groups are removed from a reactant.

Methyl Group

A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.

Structural Isomers

or Constitutional Isomers. Compounds which have the same formula but differ in the way their atoms are arranged and have different physical properties and names.

Geometric Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangements of their atoms in -cis or -trans. Exist for Alkanes.

Markovnikov's Rule

for addition reactions; H goes on the Carbon that already has the most H's. The RICH GET RICHER

Saytzeff Rule

the poor gets poorer

Alkene

Properties: turns MNO4-/H+ from purple to colourless Mn2+. Also turns Orange Br2 colourless. Strongest intermolecular force of an ____ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water

Alkyne

Properties: Same chemical tests as alkenes. Strongest intermolecular force of an _____ is Instantaneous - Induced. Not miscible/soluble in water

Carboxyloic acid

Properties: reacts with Carbonates to produce CO2 bubbles. Reacts with more reactive metals to produce Hydrogen. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding. Turns moist blue litmus red.

Alcohol

Properties: primary and secondary alcohols turn purple MNO4-/H+ to colourless Mn2+, and also turns Cr2O7 2- to green Cr3+. Strongest intermolecular force is H - bonding.

Carboxylate Salt

Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic.

Alkyl Ammonium Salt

Properties:Turns moist red litmus paper blue. Strongest intermolecular force is Ionic

Alcohol to Haloalkane

Substitution reaction using either cHCL/ZNCL2, PCL3, PCL5 or SOCL2.

Haloalkane to Alcohol

Substitution reaction KOH (aq) or NAOH.

Alcohol to Alkene

Elimination reaction using cH2SO4

Haloalkane to Alkene

Elimination reaction using KOH (alc)

Alkene to Haloalkane

Addition reaction with Hx

Alkene to Diol-alkane

Oxidation reaction with MNO4- , in which 2 OH groups are now attached, double bond is removed

Alkene to Dihaloalkane

Addition reaction using Br2 or Cl2

Alkene to Alkane

Addition reaction using Pt/H2 or Ni/H2

Alkane to Haloalkane

Substitution reaction using Br and UV light

Haloalkane to Amine

Substitution reaction using cNH3 or NH3 (alc). Functional group R-NH2

Amine to Alkyl Ammonium Salt

Acid/base reaction using Acid to get to Alkyl Ammonium salt. Functional group = R - NH3 - X+

Alcohol to Carboxylate Acid

Oxidation reaction using MNO4-/H+ REFLUX or Cr2O7 2- /H+ REFLUX

Carboxylate Acid to Carboxylate Salt

Formed when reacted with a base, carbonate or metal substance

Polymerisation

A chemical reaction in which small molecules called monomers are joined together covalently to form a polymer. Using high temperatures, pressure and a catalyst. Ethene to poylethene and propene = polypropene

Cracking

Longer chain alkanes are broken into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes

Pentanoic Acid

CH3(CH2)3COOH

2,3-dichlorobutane

CH3-CH-Cl-CH-Cl-CH3

2-amino, 4-methylpentane

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(NH2)-CH3

Sodium Butanoate

CH3-CH2-CH2-C=O-ONa

2,2-dimethylbutane

CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3

Ethanol

CH3-CH2-OH

2-methylbutan-2-ol

CH3-COH(CH3)-CH2-CH3

3-methylbut-2-ene

CH3-C(CH3)=CH-CH3