BI151 | EXAM 3 - UNIT 7: AXIAL SKELETON, VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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28 Terms
What are three main functions of the vertebral column?
Protects spinal cord
supports head
provides attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles of back and upper limbs
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1–C7)
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra (C1)?
Atlas
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra (C2)?
Axis
What special feature does the axis (C2) have?
Dens (odontoid process) around which the atlas rotates
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and what do they articulate with?
12 (T1–T12), articulate with ribs at costal facets
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (L1–L5)
How many vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum?
5 sacral vertebrae
What structure do the superior articular processes of the sacrum join with?
5th lumbar vertebra
What passes through the sacral foramina?
Nerves and blood vessels
What does the auricular surface of the sacrum articulate with?
Ilium of each hip bone
How many vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx?
4 coccygeal vertebrae
Name the normal curves of the vertebral column.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
What is the shape of the fetal vertebral curve?
Single anteriorly concave curve
When does the cervical curve develop?
When an infant begins to hold the head erect
When does the lumbar curve develop?
When a child sits up and stands
What is scoliosis?
Lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region
What is kyphosis?
Increase in thoracic curvature
What is lordosis?
Increase in lumbar curvature
What is the outer fibrocartilage ring of an intervertebral disc called?
Annulus fibrosis
What is the inner pulpy center of an intervertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
What is the weight-bearing portion of a vertebra called?
Body
What forms the vertebral arch?
Pedicles and laminae
What does the vertebral arch surround?
Vertebral foramen containing the spinal cord
What projects posteriorly from the vertebral body?
Pedicles
What are intervertebral foramina formed by?
Spaces between successive pedicles
What structures serve as attachment points for muscles on vertebrae?
Spinous and transverse processes
What forms joints between adjacent vertebrae?
Superior and inferior articular processes