final exam + deviance

Deviance

Behavior that violates societal norms and expectations.

Key Functions of Deviance

Three roles deviance plays in society.

Clarifies Norms

Deviance helps define acceptable societal behavior.

Affirms Cultural Values

Reinforces what society considers right and wrong.

Establishes Boundaries

Defines limits of acceptable behavior in society.

Punishment of Deviance

Reinforces societal rules through consequences.

Unites People

Fosters social bonds through collective opposition to deviance.

Strengthens Social Bonds

Loyalty increases as groups unite against deviant acts.

Promotes Social Change

Deviance can challenge flawed societal norms.

Civil Rights Movement

Example of deviance promoting social justice.

Conflict Theory

Links deviance to social and economic inequalities.

Power Dynamics

Elite shape norms to maintain their privilege.

Manipulation of Laws

Wealthy influence laws to protect their interests.

Criminal Justice System

Protects the interests of those in power.

Symbolic Interactionism

Focuses on individual perceptions of deviance.

Evolving Definitions

Concepts of deviance change over time and context.

Cultural Influence

Perceptions of deviance shaped by cultural experiences.

Norm Violation

Everyone occasionally breaks norms; responses vary.

Subjective Nature of Deviance

Defined by societal perceptions rather than objective facts.

Contextual Deviance

Varies across different groups and societies.

Deviance and Social Norms

Norms evolve as society's values and beliefs change.

Theoretical Approach

Basic image of society guiding research.

Macro-level Perspective

Examines whole societies and large-scale structures.

Micro-level Perspective

Focuses on individuals and small groups.

Functionalist Perspective

Views society as a complex, interdependent system.

Conflict Perspective

Examines inequality benefiting some while harming others.

Interactionist Perspective

Focuses on everyday interactions shaping society.

Social Structures

Parts of society contributing to its operation.

Functions

Contributions of social structures to societal stability.

Herbert Spencer

Functionalist who likened society to a human body.

Solidarity

Social cohesion promoting stability in society.

Inequality

Unequal distribution of resources and power.

Social Change

Efforts to reduce societal inequality.

Dominant Groups

Privileged entities maintaining social advantages.

Disadvantaged Groups

Those striving to improve their societal position.

Shared Understandings

Collective meanings formed through social interactions.

Subjective Meanings

Personal interpretations of social experiences.

Ongoing System

Society continuously evolving through interactions.

Social Patterns

Recurring behaviors influencing societal structures.

Class, Race, Gender

Factors linked to social inequality.

Solidarity and Stability

Goals of the Functionalist perspective.

Marriage

A social contract between individuals, often for procreation.

Family

A group related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Social Institutions

Structures fulfilling basic societal needs, e.g., family.

Diversity in Family

Variety of family forms, including alternative structures.

Family of Orientation

Family into which a person is born.

Family of Procreation

Family formed through marriage or childbearing.

Nuclear Family

Household of parents and their dependent children.

Extended Family

Household including additional relatives beyond parents.

Kinship

State of being related through ancestry or marriage.

Cohabitation

Living together without formal marriage.

Blended Family

Family formed from previous relationships, including stepchildren.

Cultural Variations

Differences in family definitions across societies.

Family Composition

Structure of family members living together.

Emotional Connection

Bond formed within a family unit.

Household Unit

Group residing together, functioning collectively.

Alternative Families

Non-traditional family structures, e.g., single parents.

Family Norms

Societal expectations regarding family roles and behaviors.

Divorce

Legal dissolution of a marriage.

Remarriage

Entering a new marriage after divorce.

Family Abuse

Harmful behavior within family relationships.

Child Abuse

Physical or emotional harm to a child.

Social Models

Frameworks to understand family life cycles.

Theoretical Perspectives

Frameworks explaining family functions and inequalities.

Lines of Descent

Socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants.

Bilateral Descent

Tracing lineage through both parents' sides.

Unilateral Descent

Tracing kinship through one parent's lineage only.

Matrilineal

Kinship traced through the mother's line only.

Patrilineal

Kinship traced through the father's line only.

Ambilineal

Kinship traced through either parent, situationally dependent.

Marriage

Legally recognized social contract between two individuals.

Monogamy

Marriage between two partners, typically one man and one woman.

Bigamy

Entering marriage while still married to another person.

Serial Monogamy

Having multiple spouses over a lifetime, one at a time.

Polygamy

Concurrent marriage to multiple partners.

Polygyny

One man married to multiple women.

Polyandry

One woman married to multiple men.

Casual Dating

Less formal social interactions without commitment.

Hookup

Ambiguous, subjective casual sexual encounter.

Gender Role Socialization

Influences how genders interact in dating and courtship.

Homogamy

Marrying someone with similar characteristics.

Miai (Omiai)

Formal matchmaking practice in Japanese culture.

Family Life Cycle

Predictable stages families experience over time.

Empty Nest Period

Time when children have left home.

Cultural Compatibility

Importance of shared culture in partner selection.

Paul Glick

Sociologist who outlined family life stages.

Glick's Cycle

Generational cycle of family life stages.

Evelyn Duvall

Developed 7 classic family life stages.

Marriage Family

Stage 1: Childless married couples.

Procreation Family

Stage 2: Families with children 0-2.5 years.

Preschooler Family

Stage 3: Families with children 2.5-6 years.

School-age Family

Stage 4: Families with children 6-13 years.

Teenage Family

Stage 5: Families with children 13-20 years.

Launching Family

Stage 6: Children begin to leave home.

Empty Nest Family

Stage 7: Adult children have left home.

Stage Theories Criticism

Generalizes family life, ignoring diversity factors.

Fluid Family Models

Modern understanding of family life dynamics.

Divorce Impact

Common in society, affects family structures.

Nuclear Family

Traditional family unit: two parents and children.

Extended Family

Households including relatives beyond nuclear family.