biology lab

membrane bound organelles are present

eukaryotic

membrane bound organelles are absent

prokaryotic

ubiquitous

they can be found nearly everywhere

4 kingdoms of eukarya

animals, plants, protists, fungi

on/off switch

located at base

eyepiece/ocular lens

located at top; magnifies 10x

nose piece

located at end of body tube

objective lenses

4x, 10x, and 40x and sometimes 100x

stage/stage clips

holds and supports slides

coarse adjustment knob

used to bring object into approximate focus, low power objects only

fine adjustment knob

used to make final adjustments of focus, higher power objects

light source

lamp attached to base, directs a beam of light up through object on stage

condenser

series of lenses which focus/concentrate the light from the light source; located beneath stage

iris diaphragm

controls amount of light passing thru the object on slide; opened or closed using lever

bacterial shapes

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals (spirilli)

arrangements of cells

single, pairs, clusters, chains

colony

millions of bacteria occupying a small space, becoming a visible mass

how are colonies grown in lab

grown in petri plates on a semi-solid nutrient medium (agar) with nutrients added

many bacteria can divide how often?

every half hour

colonies in liquid mediums

colonies don’t form in liquid medium, instead the cells are dispersed thru the medium; turbidity means bacteria are present

all eukaryotes have:

nucleus, mitochondria, vesicles

plants

multicellular, food is made

animals

multicellular, food is ingested

protists

unicellular, food is absorbed

fungi

unicellular and multicellular, food is absorbed

benefits of fungi

decomposers, antibiotics, food source, alcohol fermentation

diversity of protists

algae can photosynthesize, other protists can be parasites and cause disease

what kingdom are algae, kelp and seaweed

protists

diatoms

one of the largest groups of protists and are commonly found in fresh and salt water

diatoms are surrounded by a silicon wall or shell called

a frustule

non communicable disease

a disease that cannot be spread from person to person

microbe examples

viruses, parasitic worms, bacteria, fungi, protozoa

a pathogen is a microbe that is ———- associated with disease

always

infection

when the immune system is unable to kill off bad microbes

opportunistic pathogens

cause disease only when your immune system is compromised in some way or when the bacteria enters an area that should be sterile

local

occur in a specific area

systemic

affect most of the body

portals of entry

ears, eyes, nose, mouth, broken skin, placenta, urethra, vagina, anus, mammary glands

portals of exit

ear (wax), eye (tears), nose (mucus), mouth (saliva), broken skin (blood), urine, reproductive secretions (vaginal and semen), fecal material, and milk

common ways to transmit a microbe from one person to another

direct contact, indirect contact, airborne droplets

what indicator detects the presence of CO2

phenol red

photosynthesis occurs in what 2 major stages within the chloroplasts of plant cells

light reactions and calvin cycle

what is the job or chlorophyll 

to absorb sunlight 

where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells

chloroplasts

one major event in light reactions

water is split, which allows oxygen to be released into the atmosphere or used for cellular respiration

second major event in light reactions

solar energy is converted into chemical energy which is needed for calvin cycle to convert CO2 to glucose

plants break down sugars during what

during process of cellular respiration to get energy for their own cellular activities

plants use sugar to do 2nd of 4 things

bond sugar molecules together to produce cellulose that is used to make cell structures like the cell wall

plants use sugar to do 3rd of 4 things

bond the sugar molecules together to produce starch, which serves to store the glucose for later use

plants use sugar to do 4th of 4 things

rearrange the sugar molecules to build other biologically important molecules needed within the cells

thylakoids

small membranous sacs that contain large concentrations of the pigment chlorophyll

where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

within the thylakoids

stroma

the liquid portion of the chloroplast located outside of the thylakoids; site of calvin cycle

where do the reactions of photosynthesis generally occur

in the plant leaf tissues

lower epidermis

lower boundary of leaf

lower epidermis contains a series of openings called

pores

pores are surrounded by 2 special cells called

guard cells

what do guard cells do

control the opening and closing of the pores

each pore/guard cell complex is known as

a stoma(stomata)

how do stomata work

stomata stays open long enough to allow CO2 to enter. after CO2 levels are high, the stomata close

turgid

full of water

flaccid

lack of water

when light of a particular wavelength hits an object, 3 different outcomes may occur:

transmitted, absorbed, or reflected

an individual describing color is actually describing…

the wavelengths of a light which are being reflected by or transmitted thru the object and traveling back to the eye

enzymes

special protein molecules necessary for nearly all cell activities because they function as catalysts in chemical reactions

is cellulose a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?

polysaccharide

is glycogen a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?

polysaccharide

is starch a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?

polysaccharide

is fructose a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?

monosaccharide

is glucose a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?

monosaccharide

denatured enzyme

shape and thus its function has been altered

one major role of enzymes

function in digestive processes

lactase enzyme

normally produces by your digestive tract to break down the dairy sugar lactose when you eat foods that contain the disaccharide lactose

what is the point of cellular respiration

to break down glucose to CO2 in order to produce ATP

C6H12O6+O2 → CO2+H2O+ATP+heat

basic reaction for aerobic cellular respiration

hydrolysis

once broken down, monomers can diffuse into your bloodstream where they are transported and diffuse into individual cells. once these monomers are in your cells, they can be rebuilt into the specific polymers your cells require

carbs are also known as

polysaccharides

monosaccharides

simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides that are chemically joined together

why are cabs essential

they serve as the storage molecules for the monosaccharides such as glucose which are needed to produce energy

cellulose (fiber)

a polysaccharide which forms the rigid cell walls around a plant cell

core group

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms

why are proteins essential

the most critical part of diet, proper cell functioning

protein classes

enzymes, defensive proteins, and structural proteins

how are fats formed

by joining a glycerol molecule with fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

lack of double bonds, max number of H atoms

unsaturated fatty acids

has double bonds, missing H atoms

role of cell membrane

prevents some substances from leaving the cell while it also blocks some substances from entering. selectively permeable

selectively permeable

blocks some molecules while allowing others to pass thru

passive transport

does not require atp and moves substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

how can passive transport occur

diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion

diffusion

can be observed in gases, liquids, and solids as long as theyre small in size. most common method

osmosis

involves the passage of water thru a membrane. this is necessary when the solute is too large to move

facilitated diffusion

used by large molecules to enter or exit a cell, which are too big to passively diffuse. proteins required

molecules will move until what

until equilibrium is reached with equal concentrations on both sides of the cell membrane

active transport

moves a substance from low to high concentration, which requires atp

the net movement of water by osmosis in or out of a cell largely depends on

the type of solution surrounding the cell

cells in hypertonic solution are surrounded by

fluid which contains higher concentration of dissolved solute and a lower concentration of water than the cells.

cells in a hypotonic solution are surrounded by

a fluid which contains a lower concentration of dissolved particles and a higher concentration of water than the cell

who do cells need to be small

being small means having a large surface area to volume ratio and this makes it easier for substances to cross the cell membrane quickly