Time Period 2 Cram Sheet Review (1450 - 1750)

Flashcards based on key terms and concepts from the Time Period 2 lecture notes.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that combines spiritual aspects of Daoism and Buddhism with the social organization of Confucianism.

Ming Dynasty

A historical Chinese dynasty known for its large centralized bureaucracy.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The military government of Japan that controlled over 200 feudal states with heavy surveillance of daimyo.

Zamindars

Landlords in the Mughal empire responsible for the taxation system.

Jizya Tax

A tax on non-Muslims that was abolished by Akbar as an act of religious tolerance.

Sikhism

A religion that developed as a combination of Hinduism and Islam.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of diseases, plants, and animals between the Old and New Worlds.

Mit'a System

A labor system used by the Inca that provided free, coerced labor.

Castas System

A social hierarchy in the Americas based on skin color.

Pueblo Revolt

A successful rebellion by Native Americans against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Chinampas

Floating gardens used by the Aztecs for agriculture.

Terrace Farming

An agricultural practice by the Inca that involved growing crops on stepped terraces.

Gunpowder Empires

Empires like the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal that utilized gunpowder weapons.

Atlantic System

Trade system sending slaves from Africa to the Americas to support cash crop production.

Printing Press

An invention that allowed for the mass production of texts, facilitating the spread of knowledge.

Joint Stock Companies

Business entities where multiple investors pool resources for trade and exploration.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that emphasizes exporting more goods than importing to amass wealth.

Naval Power

The importance of naval strength for trade and military dominance.

Ottoman Janissaries

Elite infantry units in the Ottoman Empire, often derived from a devshirme system.

Hagia Sophia

A monumental mosque in Istanbul, originally a cathedral, representing Ottoman architecture.

Positive Feedback Loop

A cycle where increased demand for cash crops leads to greater exploitation of labor.

Cultural Assimilation

The process of adopting the cultural practices of another group, often seen with European colonization.

Scientific Method

A systematic way of learning about the world that arose during the Scientific Revolution.

Civil Service Exam

An examination used to select candidates for government positions in China.

Akbar

The Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms.

Gutenberg

The inventor of the printing press, pivotal for spreading knowledge in Europe.

Mercantilism

Economic policy focused on gaining wealth through trade and accumulation of precious metals.

Portuguese Empire

The first European maritime empire, notable for establishing trade posts in Africa and Asia.

Queen Nzinga

An African queen who resisted Portuguese colonization in Central Africa.

Battle of Sarajevo

A conflict related to territorial and religious disputes in Eastern Europe.

Social Hierarchies

Structures that determine power dynamics and status within societies.

Environmental Exploitation

The overuse of natural resources leading to environmental degradation.

Cultural Synthesis

The blending of different cultural traditions and practices.

Ottoman Tax Farming

A system where the Ottomans allowed individuals to collect taxes on behalf of the government.

Christianization

The process by which indigenous peoples were converted to Christianity.

Astrolabe

An ancient instrument used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars.

Silk Roads

Ancient trade routes connecting the East and West, crucial for commerce and cultural exchange.