ap psych unit 4 obedience and behavior

dispositional attribution

internal way that explains someone’s behavior

situational attribution

external way that explains someone’s behavior

actor-observer bias

actor (yourself), you are more likely to blame external factors for behavior, while observers are more likely to attribute behaviors to internal traits

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

we jump to the conclusion that behavior is caused by internal factors without considering the others

self-serving bias

overestimate the dispositional when positive things happen, and overestimate the situational influences when outcome is negative to protect self esteem

cognitive dissonance

when we have two conflicting thoughts or when the thoughts and actions do not match, it causes us to reduce the discomfort.

central route to persuasion

list of statistics and facts that appeal to logos and ethos

peripheral route to persuasion

appeals to pathos

halo effect

take one tangible feature about someone and apply it to all features (make everything about someone a 10/10)

foot in the door

people who first agreed to a small request in order to get them to comply with a larger request

door in the face

start with an outrageous request and then change to a reasonable one in order for them to comply

external locus of control

external factors are responsible for the outcomes of events in one's life, rather than one's own actions

internal locus of control

the belief that one has control over their own actions and outcomes in life

mere exposure effect

the more you see it the more you like it

self-fulfilling prophecy

when one persons belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce others to confirm the belief

confirmation bias

tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

social comparison

where individuals evaluate their own abilities, opinions, and characteristics by comparing themselves to others, which can influence self-esteem and subjective well-being. 

relative deprivation

perception of being worse off compared to others in a specific social context.

social facilitation

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with experienced and well learned tasks

normative social influence

conformity because you want to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

conformity because of willingness to accept others opinions

conformity

adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or a group pressure

social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when individually accountable

social inhibition

performance decreases because it is in front of a group

social trap

refuses to cooperate, only does whats best for them

superordinate goals

requires the cooperation of two or more parties, leading to improved relations and reduced conflict.

deindividuation

loss of self awareness and self restrait

groupthink

faulty decision making caused by the desire for harmony in a decision making group and not addressing all alternatives

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion (when you believe something then discuss it you believe it more)

collectivism

cultural or social orientation that emphasizes the group or community over individual needs

obedience

changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure. (milgram experiment)

belief perseverance

the tendency to hold onto existing beliefs, even when presented with strong evidence that contradicts them. 

individualism

emphasizes the importance of the individual and their rights, independence, often prioritizing personal goals over group goals

multiculturalism

presence of different ethnic, social, and cultural groups within a society. It emphasizes the unique values, beliefs, practices, and behaviors that exist among these diverse groups.

ethnocentrism

tendency to view one's own culture as superior or more valid than other cultures.

stereotypes

generalized belief about a group of people

prejudice

negative attitude towards a group and its members

discrimination

negative behavior towards a group of people and its members

implicit bias

unconscious bias towards people

just world phenomenon

tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people deserve what they get and get what they deserve

in group bias

“us” people we share a common identity (favoring yours)

out group bias

“them” those perceived as different or apart from ones ingroup (don’t like them)

out group homogeneity bias

tendency to assume members of other groups are the same

altruism

do something with nothing expected in return

bystander effect

individuals are less likely to help someone in need when other people are present, compared to when they are alone.

false consensus effect

assuming that one's own views are more common than they actually are. 

social responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them or those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward.

social reciprocity norm

social expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us.

stereotype threat

when someone says the stereotype to a person and that affects their performance