PSY 2300 Exam 1 Review (Ch. 1, 3, 15)

Brandon has always been a great student but very shy. Since starting high school, he has made just two close friends. When his parents ask him how he feels about his social life, he replies that he feels happy to have his two friends. Which characteristics of a psychological disorder could Brandon be experiencing?

Brandon is not likely experiencing any characteristics of a psychological disorder

Which of the following is true of the characteristics of psychological disorders?

Determining whether a symptom involves the component of deviance requires a consideration of social norms and the context

Which of the following is a group of people predominantly involved in psychological science research?

Which of the following are discussed in the text as important factors that can affect the expression and interpretation of psychological disorders?

Income and educational achievement

— of adults and — of children will experience symptoms consistent with a psychological disorder

20%; 17%

Which of the following was a practice thought to cure psychological symptoms by resolving spirit possession?

Trephination

Islamic physician Avicenna promoted the idea that emotional distress plays a role in disease development. Which of the following treatment strategies was consistent with his theory of disease development?

Listening to music

What was the predominate difference between Greek physician Hippocrates' beliefs about psychological disorders and the beliefs of others such as Greek physician Galen and Islamic physician Avicenna?

Galen and Avicenna proposed that psychological factors were involved in disease development.

Starting in the 16th century, what often happened to people with psychological disorders?

They were housed in asylums

What was one of Emil Kraepelin’s primary contributions to the field of clinical psychology?

Developing a system for diagnostic categories

Which of the following is consistent with advances made toward moral treatment of those with psychological disorders during the 19th century?

Ivan Pavlov studied dogs, and he associated the ringing of a bell with the delivery of food powder for the dogs. Which theory arose from this work?

Classical conditioning

According to —, a reinforcement — behavior, and a punishment — behavior

operant conditioning; increases; decreases

Imaging tests such as a computerized axial tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help researchers to better understand the brain's _____.

Structure

If a researcher studying schizophrenia is focused on better understanding how abnormal brain structure and function increase the risk of developing schizophrenia, they are likely operating under which perspective?

Biological

Riley's psychologist is treating her for depression, and they are focused on helping her to change her current pattern of actions that maintain her depression. She receives weekly practice assignments where she must do new things like join a new club and take a daily walk. Riley's psychologist is most likely working from which perspective?

Behavioral

A major difference between cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy is that cognitive therapy focusses on ______, and behavioral therapy focuses on _______.

changing cognitions to promote behavior change; changing behaviors, which will then influence cognitions

According to the sociocultural model, what is an important factor to consider in understanding psychological disorders?

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Ashar has intense anxiety when he leaves his house alone. Which of the following would be most relevant to understanding Ashar's anxiety through a sociocultural lens?

His family context and functioning

Which model views biology as a vulnerability factor for developing a psychological disorder that then interacts with environmental, cultural, and social factors?

Diathesis-stress model

Which of the following describes an administration of psychological assessments that is consistent with psychologists' code of ethics?

Selecting tests based on personal theoretical perspectives

Which of the following is true regarding the administration of psychological screening assessments in medical settings?

Commonly used because people often see their physician before they see a mental health provider

Which of the following is true regarding clinical outcomes assessments?

These assessment tools are repeated at regular intervals

A __________ occurs when someone's score on an anxiety measure is compared to anxiety scores from a similar subgroup

normative comparison

Why is the standardization of psychological assessments important?

This process allows for scores to be meaningfully compared across time or across people

A graduate school selection committee wants to choose a measure that is highly related to how successful someone will be as a graduate student. They plan to use this measure to select new graduate students from a large pool of applicants. The committee is interested in a test with high ________.

predictive validity

________ measures consistency, whereas ______ measures accuracy.

Reliability; validity

Which of the following is true of assessments conducted with children?

Interviews with parents often provide critical information

A benefit of unstructured interviews is _____, whereas a benefit of structured interviews is _____.

flexibility; increased diagnostic reliability

A projective personality test involves responding ______, whereas an objective personality test involves responding _____.

in an unstructured way to ambiguous stimuli; to a set of standardized questions

Which of the following is true of assessments of general psychological functioning such as the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)?

Scores can be tracked throughout treatment to measure progress

A test would be technically biased if it has _______.

high predictive and low construct validity

Why is social bias a concern regarding intelligence tests?

The impact of an individual’s cultural background on test performance may unfairly exclude some groups from opportunities

In a functional analysis, antecedents ___________, whereas consequences _______.

occur immediately before a behavior; occur as a result of a behavior

How might a psychologist use behavioral assessments in a treatment for panic disorder?

Use the data from self-monitoring of thoughts and emotions to inform a functional analysis of the panic attacks.

______ involves the use of electronic devices to learn to control functions such as heart rate or respiratory rate.

Biofeedback

______ measures changes in ______.

Electrodermal activity (EDA); sweat glands of the skin

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD) are systems for _______.

diagnosing psychological disorders

Women are more likely to receive ____ diagnoses, whereas men are more likely to receive _____ diagnoses.

depression and anxiety disorder; substance abuse disorder

______ classify clusters of symptoms into disorders, whereas _____ involve describing symptoms along a continuum of severity.

Categorical diagnostic systems; dimensional models

Samantha has an initial session to discuss treatment options for her eating disorder. The psychologist describes several research supported treatments, highlighting the components of these treatments especially relevant to her. Samantha expresses a preference for one of the treatments, and the psychologist agrees to use this treatment approach. The psychologist is using which component of evidence-based practice to make the final decision on treatment?

Patient characteristics and preferences

What basic question needs to be addressed in order to rule out spontaneous remission as an explanation for improvement in psychotherapy outcomes?

“Would this group have gotten better on their own if they had received no treatment?”

The ethical principle of ____ involves promoting fairness and equality to all persons, whereas _____ involves not causing harm.

justice; nonmaleficence

In the mid-1900s, _________ contributed to a push for deinstitutionalization.

new effective medications

Which of the following is true of the long-term impact of deinstitutionalization?

Community treatment resources were insufficiently funded, which led to increased homelessness and incarceration rates

Which of the following would be a reason for civil commitment?

An individual is a danger to themselves and refuses to take steps to reduce suicide risk

Someone who is determined to be ________ has a psychological disorder that is so impairing that they are not capable of assisting with their own legal defense.

incompetent to stand trial

______ involves steps taken when someone with a psychological disorder poses a danger to themselves or others, whereas ____ involves steps taken after someone with a psychological disorder commits a crime.

Civil commitment; criminal commitment

If a psychologist becomes aware of physical or sexual abuse of children or elders, they must _______.

report the abuse to state authorities

In which of the following situations would a psychologist break confidentiality?

_____ refers to facts about your health or health care that are maintained as a medical record or transferred to another person.

Protected health information

By signing a HIPAA consent form, a patient agrees to allow a psychologist to share which of the following?

The patient’s health information with companies responsible for billing health insurance

Which of the following statements about virtual treatment is accurate?

State-sanctioned duty to warn laws still apply to virtual treatment

Licensure ensures that a psychologist ____________.

has met minimum educational and training standards

Which of the following is an uncommon reason for a psychologist to have a malpractice claim filed against them?

They are accused of physically injuring a current or former patient

Which of the following is an advantage to psychologists having prescription privileges?

Patients who may not otherwise have access to treatment would have access to medications prescribed by a psychologist with prescription privileges

_______ involves communication provided in layperson's language regarding details about a research study, such as the study aims and what participants are being asked to do.

informed consent

The Tuskegee experiment involved a violation of human rights wherein ______ were knowingly withheld from ______.

effective medical treatments; Black men with syphilis

Under which of the following situations would a child not be able to be enrolled in a study due to child assent not being obtained?

A parent signs the consent form, but after the parent leaves the room, the child tells the researcher that they do not want to be in the study

_____ of participants in psychological research studies are non-Hispanic White. ______ of research article authors and journal editors are non-Hispanic White.

The majority; The majority