Ap World Unit 3 Land Based Empires

What were the Gunpowder Empires?

Large Muslim land-based empires that used gunpowder to expand—Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.

Who was Suleiman the Magnificent?

The most powerful Ottoman sultan; expanded the empire and built major architectural works like the Suleymaniye Mosque.

Who was Ivan IV (the Terrible)?

Russian tsar who expanded eastward, created a centralized government, and used a secret police called the oprichnina.

What was the devshirme system?

Ottoman system that recruited Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and trained them as Janissaries or government officials.

What were zamindars?

Mughal bureaucratic elites who collected taxes and oversaw public works.

What was the divine right of kings?

The belief that monarchs received their authority from God and were not accountable to their subjects.

Who was Akbar the Great?

Mughal emperor known for his military success and religious tolerance, including ending the jizya tax on non-Muslims.

What was the significance of the Gutenberg printing press?

It increased literacy and helped spread Protestant Reformation ideas.

What was the Tokugawa shogunate?

A centralized military government in Japan that established peace and controlled the daimyo through alternate attendance.

What was the Thirty Years’ War?

A major European religious conflict (1618–1648) between Catholics and Protestants, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.

What happened in 1453?

The Ottoman Empire, led by Mehmed II, conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul.

What was the impact of the 1521 excommunication of Martin Luther?

It marked the Catholic Church’s rejection of his ideas, fueling the Protestant Reformation.

What did the Edict of Nantes (1598) do?

Granted religious tolerance to French Huguenots.

When did the Qing Dynasty begin, and how?

In 1644, when the Manchu overthrew the Ming Dynasty in China.

What was the Battle of Lepanto (1571)?

A naval defeat of the Ottomans by Spanish and Venetian forces, marking the beginning of Ottoman decline.

What did Peter the Great accomplish in 1718?

Replaced land tax with a head tax in Russia and modernized the state’s economy and military.

When was the English Bill of Rights signed, and what did it do?

In 1689; it limited the power of the monarchy and affirmed Parliament’s authority.