Chemistry - Fall Semester Review

Physical Properties

Properties that can be observed without changing the chmeical compostition of the sample of matter

Law

Describes an occurance that has been tested under different conditions over a long period of time

Heterogeneous

The compontents of this mixture can be easily seen with the naked eye and are distinguishable

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume

Pure substances

Elements and compounds are classified as this

Chemical Reactions

Chemical changes are also known as

Exact Numbers

Have an infinite numer of significant figures

Hypothesis

Serves as a possible explanation to a problem

States

Solid, liquid, and gas are the three ___ of matter

Qualitative

______ measurements are descriptive and non-numeric

Chemistry

study of matter and the changes it undergoes

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Blended

Unlike compounds that are bonded together, mixtures are ____ together

Weight

accounts for the force of gravity pushing down on an object

Accuracy

How close multiple measurements are to the accepted value

Lost

Cations are formed by electrons being _____

Atomic Mass Units

The mass of a single atom is measured in _____

Energy Levels

Electrons are arranged in ___ around the nucleus

Cation

type of ion that forms when electrons are lost

Repel

Like charges ____ each other

Neutral

In an atom, when the atomic number equals the number of electrons, the atom is said to be ____

Thomson

Saw that particles in a gas were attracted to the positve plate of the cathode ray tube

Isotopes

Atomic mass is an average of the elements ____

Nonmetals

The group of elements that tend to gain electrons

Dalton

Said that atoms combine in whole number ratios

Neutrons

Isotopes have the same number of protons ut have different number of ___

Goldstein

Discovered the proton

Rutherford

Used the deflection anges of alpha particles to describe the nucleus of an atom

Rutherford

Said that an atom is mostly empty space

Democritus

The first scientist who thought about atoms

Metals

The group of elements that tend to lose electrons

Anions

Formed by electrons being gained

Dalton

Provided experimental evidence that all matter is comprised of indivisible particles called atoms

Ion

An atom or group of atoms with a positve or negative charge

Democritus

The person who gave the atom its name

Dumbell

The p sublevel resembles the ___ shape

Isoelectronic

Atoms that have the same number of electrons are ___ with each other

Pauli’s Principle

Atomic orbitals can hold two electrons at most, and they must have opposite spins

Electron Configuration

A method that indicates the arrangement of electrons in a particular element

Lowest

Electrons closest to the nucleus of an atom are __ in energy

s, p

The n=2 energy level contains these sublevels

Sphere

The s sublevel resembles this type of motion (shape)

Noble Gases

Elements lose or gain electrons to become like this group of elements

s, p, d, f

The n=4 energy level contains these sublevels

Principal Energy Level

A ___ is the average distance of the electron to the nucleus of an atom

Halogens

The elements in group 17

Electronegativity

Tendency for an atom to attract electrons when chemically bonded to another atom

Semiconductors

A term fo metalloids that conduct electricity at high temperatures

2nd I.E.

The energy required to remove the 2nd most loosely held electron

Transition Metals

Name for group 3-12 elements

Atomic Number

The present day Periodic Table is arranged in order of

increasing _____

Inner Transition Metals

Name for the f block

Ductile

The property of metals to be made into wire

Alkaline Earth Metals

Name for group 2 elements

Brittle

A property of nonmetals

Noble Gases

Elements that do not have defined values for electronegativity

Mendeleev

Person who arranged the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic mass

Sheilding

Electrons that are blocked from feeling the full force of the nucleus’ positive charge

Left of the arrow

What side of a chemical equation represents reactants?

Right of the arrow

What side of a chemical equation represents products?

Yields

What does the arrow represent in a chemical equation?

Chemical

Physical or Chemical property?

alcohols are flammable

Physical

Physical or Chemical property?

a density of 3g/mL

Physical

Physical or Chemical property?

boils at 100 C

Chemical

Physical or Chemical property?

decomposes in CO2

Physical

Physical or Chemical property?

attracted to the south pole of a magnet

Physical

Physical or Chemical property?

a gas has a volume of 22.4L

Physical

Chemical or Physical change?

melting ice

Chemical

Chemical or Physical change?

burning popcorn

Chemical

Chemical or Physical change?

digesting food

Physical

Chemical or Physical change?

molding clay

Chemical

Chemical or Physical change?

rust forming on a car

Physical

Chemical or Physical change?

dissolving salt

Homogeneous

Hetergeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

salt water

Heterogeneous

Hetergeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

pizza

Hetergeneous

Heterogeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

salt and pepper

Element

Hetergeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

Zinc

Hetergeneous

Heterogeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

dinner salad

Compound

Hetergeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

carbon dioxide

Hetergeneous

Heterogeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

salad

Homogenous

Hetergeneous/Homogeneous or Compound/Element?

milk

Solid

definite shape and volume; not compressible; high density

most tightly packed form of matter

Liquid

indefinite shape, definite volume; not compressible; lower density

molecules can flow past eachother

Gas

Indefinite shape and volume; compressible; low density

Accurate measurements

very close to the actual measurement

precise measurements

measurements are very close together (don’t have to be accurate)

All elements are composed of atoms; Atoms of the same elementare alike; Atoms that compbine do so in simple whole-number ratios

What is in Dalton’s atomic theory?

The nucleus of the atom

Positively charged and has a high density

48 protons, 48 electrons, and 72 neutrons

An atom of an element with atomic number 48 adn mass number 120 contains:

the mass number

The number 80 in the name bromine-80 represents

Valence electrons

Electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom are called:

Atomic orbital

What is the 3-dimensional orientation of a sublevel known as?

Argon

Calcium loses two elecctrons. What element is it isoelectronic with

14, 2

An f sublevel can hold a maximum of ____ electrons, with only ____ electrons in each orbital

2

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in an s sublevel

7

How many orbitals are in the f sublevel

2

The n=____ shell is the lowest in energy that may contain p-orbitals

4

How many electrons are in the 3p orbital of Sulfur?

5

How many electrons are unpaired in the 3d orbital of Manganese?

Hund’s Rule

The rule that says each orbital must receive one electron before an orbital in that sublevel can have two