Chapter 4: Physical Development During First 3 Years

The twin brother of Elvis Presley was born

A. healthy

B. stillborn

C. handicapped

D. premature

B. stillborn

While there have been increases in the number of home births, today most people are born

A. at home

B. in hospitals

C. in birthing centers

D. in clinics

B. in hospitals

The dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth has resulted from all but which of the following?

A. antibiotics

B. anesthesia

C. prenatal care

D. delayed childbirth

D. delayed childbirth

Approximately two weeks before her due date the doctor told Elizabeth that the uterine and cervical changes that bring on labor had begun. This process is referred to as

A. quickening

B. parturition

C. labor

D. contractions

B. parturition

The first stage of childbirth

A. usually lasts 1 to 2 hours

B. consists of dilation or widening of the cervix

C. includes contractions that are continuous

D. is the shortest of the stages of birth

B. consists of dilation or widening of the cervix

Monique is having her first child. She has done the reading on childbirth and knows that she will have completed the first stage of labor when her doctor tells her that

A. the baby's head has moved through the cervix into the vaginal canal

B. dilation of the cervix has begun

C. the baby has left the mother's body

D. effacement has begun

A. the baby's head has moved through the cervix into the vaginal canal

Dilation of the cervix occurs during which stage of childbirth?

A. the first stage

B. the second stage

C. the third stage

D. shortly before the first contractions occur

A. the first stage

The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by

A. the initial dilation of the cervix

B. the emergence of the baby from the mother's body

C. the expulsion of the placenta

D. contractions that occur every 8 to 10 minutes

B. the emergence of the baby from the mother's body

The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the __________ stage of childbirth.

A. first

B. second

C. third

D. fourth

C. third

During her labor Alaina's doctor has requested that she be connected to an electronic fetal monitor that

A. measures the fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery

B. measures fetal brain activity during birth

C. reduces the number of cesarean deliveries

D. costs comparatively little

A. measures the fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery

Which of the following statements regarding electronic fetal monitoring during labor is false?

A. It reduces the number of cesarean deliveries.

B. It detects a lack of oxygen in the fetus.

C. It is expensive and uncomfortable for the mother.

D. It often incorrectly indicates fetal distress.

A. It reduces the number of cesarean deliveries.

The use of electronic fetal monitoring equipment carries with it the risk that it could give a false reading which may prompt a doctor to

A. use forceps

B. deliver by cesarean birth

C. induce labor early

D. administer anesthesia

B. deliver by cesarean birth

The method of childbirth experienced by the vast majority of mothers is a __________ delivery.

A. vaginal

B. medicated

C. cesarean

D. prepared

A. vaginal

Cesarean birth rates in the United States are among the __________ in the world.

A. lowest

B. highest

C. average

D. rarest

B. highest

While fewer cesarean births are often encouraged, vaginal births for women who have previously had a cesarean birth would include all of the following risks except

A. uterine rupture

B. increased risk of death to the infant during delivery

C. fewer forceps and suction deliveries

D. unsuccessful labor which later on will still undergo C-births

C. fewer forceps and suction deliveries

Regan's obstetrician has decided that she should proceed with a cesarean section. Which of the following reasons would not be a good reason for such a decision?

A. the pregnancy has gone past the calculated due date

B. the baby is in a head first position

C. the fetal heart monitor has shown that the infant is in fetal distress

D. the doctor will be out of town during the time of the calculated delivery

B. the baby is in a head first position

A technique that substitutes voluntary or learned physical responses for the fear and pain of childbirth is

A. natural childbirth

B. prepared childbirth

C. cesarean childbirth

D. vaginal childbirth

B. prepared childbirth

Tanya's doctor has prepared her for the possibility that her rather large baby may have to be delivered by surgical delivery through an incision in Tanya's abdomen called a

A. medicated birth

B. prepared birth

C. cesarean section

D. Lamaze method

C. cesarean section

Katrina is in labor and was just told by her physician that the baby's feet are moving down the birth canal before the head. What sort of delivery is likely to be performed?

A. Lamaze delivery

B. prepared delivery

C. cesarean delivery

D. natural medicated delivery

C. cesarean delivery

A newer method of medicated delivery that allows a women to feel sensations and move her legs and participate in childbirth is the

A. narcotic injections

B. anesthesia block

C. general anesthesia

D. "walking epidural"

D. "walking epidural"

Natural childbirth or prepared childbirth can minimize the need for

A. a doula

B. pain-killing drugs

C. electronic fetal monitoring

D. cesarean births

B. pain-killing drugs

According to the text, cesarean deliveries

A. are more common among low-income women

B. may often be performed unnecessarily

C. always lead to healthier babies

D. generally result in shorter hospital stays

B. may often be performed unnecessarily

Based on research cited in the text, a criticism of medicated births is that

A. pain during childbirth is essential to a normal delivery

B. women who choose medicated births have a weaker maternal instinct

C. babies' motor responsiveness and development may be slowed

D. it leads to overprotectiveness by the mother

C. babies' motor responsiveness and development may be slowed

The Cooper's are expecting in the near future and have found that studies on the effects of medicated delivery

A. have produced contradictory results

B. have all shown a negative effect on activity levels of infants exposed to medication during birth

C. found that babies born to nonmedicated mothers are less responsive

D. found that babies born to medicated mothers stimulate the maternal instinct

A. have produced contradictory results

In 1914, a British physician, Dr. Grantly Dick-Read, suggested that pain in childbirth was caused mostly by __________. To eliminate this, he advocated natural childbirth.

A. fear

B. ignorance

C. stress

D. relaxation

A. fear

Rena is in labor and along with her "coach" husband is learning breathing techniques and muscle relaxation. She is following a method developed by

A. Fernand Lamaze

B. The American Academy of Pediatrics

C. Benjamin Spock

D. Jerome Kagan

A. Fernand Lamaze

Drugs can have negative effects on childbirth. One way to minimize the effects is

A. don't accept drug assistance until the baby is ready to be born

B. accept one large dose of pain killer upon arrival at the hospital rather than continuous drug therapy

C. use a variety of drugs so that no one drug will create an adverse effect

D. use as small a dose as possible

D. use as small a dose as possible

Prepared childbirth teaches breathing and muscle responses in order to

A. speed the birth

B. minimize fear and pain

C. bring about a hypnotic state

D. slow the contractions

B. minimize fear and pain

A small but growing percentage of women decide to have their baby at home; the birth is usually attended by a ____________ who has assisted them throughout the pregnancy.

A. nurse-midwife

B. nurse/assistants

C. doctor

D. doula

A. nurse-midwife

One of the complications of childbirth is caused by the immaturity of the baby's liver. Because hospital stays are often less than 48 hours, doctors often miss the diagnosis of

A. meconium

B. PKU

C. neonatal jaundice

D. anoxia

C. neonatal jaundice

The neonatal period is the first __________ of life.

A. 4 weeks

B. 8 weeks

C. 6 months

D. year

A. 4 weeks

The average newborn weighs __________ pounds.

A. 5

B. 7 1/2

C. 8 1/2

D. 10

B. 7 1/2

Which of the following is likely to be heaviest at birth?

A. firstborn girl

B. firstborn boy

C. second-born girl

D. second-born boy

D. second-born boy

Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the

A. fontanels

B. vernix

C. apex

D. hyaline commissure

A. fontanels

Fontanels are present in the neonates skull

A. to allow for rapid postnatal brain expansion

B. to prevent calcium deposits from damaging cartilage

C. to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal

D. until 6 months of age

C. to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal

Which of the following statements about the first few days of life is not true?

A. Newborns tend to have dark complexions.

B. Babies lose as much as 10 percent of their body weight.

C. The baby's nose is likely to look flattened.

D. The baby's head may be misshapen.

A. Newborns tend to have dark complexions.

The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is

A. witch's milk

B. lanugo

C. vernix caseosa

D. fontanels

C. vernix caseosa

When Micah first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called

A. vermis

B. follicle caseosa

C. meconium

D. lanugo

D. lanugo

An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to

A. hypothermia

B. anoxia

C. hyperphagia

D. oxidation

B. anoxia

Which of the following statements about newborns is correct?

A. Newborns normally do not begin to breathe until 2 or 3 minutes after birth.

B. Newborns are covered with a protective film called meconium.

C. Newborns possess a strong sucking reflex.

D. Newborns have a slow, regular heartbeat.

C. Newborns possess a strong sucking reflex.

Since the infant's lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as adults do, they are susceptible to __________ problems.

A. circulatory

B. respiratory

C. neurological

D. gastrointestinal

B. respiratory

If a newborn does not start breathing within about five minutes, brain injury may occur due to

A. neonatal jaundice

B. anoxia

C. lanugo

D. hypothermia

B. anoxia

The stringy, greenish-black waste from a newborn is

A. physiologic jaundice

B. meconium

C. lanugo

D. vernix caseosa

B. meconium

A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _________, which is due to immaturity of the _______.

A. anoxia; liver

B. anoxia; kidneys

C. neonatal jaundice; liver

D. neonatal jaundice; kidneys

C. neonatal jaundice; liver

Newborns regulate their body temperature soon after birth by A. increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature B. reducing their activity when they get cold, to conserve energy C. being born in warm delivery rooms D. maintaining a low percentage of body fat which interferes with regulation

A. increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature

The various states of arousal and activity that an infant demonstrates are regulated by A. hormonal changes B. neurological "firing" C. an internal "clock" D. the way their parents treat them

C. an internal "clock"

For how many hours a day does the average newborn sleep? A. 12 B. 14 C. 16 D. 18

C. 16

It is important to sooth a low-birthweight newborn who is distressed because

A. cries are usually a sign of serious infant distress

B. noisy babies exercise and this allows babies to "catch up"

C. quiet babies maintain their weight better

D. none of the above

C. quiet babies maintain their weight better

Most babies start to sleep through the night at about what age?

A. 3 weeks

B. 6 weeks

C. 3 months

D. 6 months

C. 3 months

At what age do most infants get half or more of their sleep at night, much to the relief of every parent?

A. 3 months

B. 6 month

C. 9 months

D. 12 months

B. 6 month

Multicultural studies report that the best way to develop babies' sleep rhythms seems to be

A. to allow babies to fall asleep whenever they feel tired

B. allow babies to fall asleep in no specific place

C. encourage babies to sleep in their parents' bed

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

In reviewing the literature on sleep, child development experts

A. agree that shared sleeping arrangements are beneficial

B. disagree about whether shared sleeping arrangements are beneficial

C. found that sleeping arrangements are affected by culturally determined attitudes and behaviors

D. sleeping arrangements are an important determinant in development

B. disagree about whether shared sleeping arrangements are beneficial

What is the most common practice in the United States regarding a newborn's sleeping arrangements?

A. same room/separate bed

B. separate room/separate bed

C. separate room/another family member

D. same room/same bed

B. separate room/separate bed

A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.

A. 10

B. 8

C. 6

D. 4

A. 10

The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is

A. very healthy

B. within normal range

C. slightly below normal

D. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation

D. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation

the baby needs immediate resuscitation

D. dangerous

the baby needs immediate resuscitation

Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar score?

A. Eileen is listless and blue, with limp muscle tone.

B. Marlene is pink with blue extremities, slow pulse, and slow breathing.

C. Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying.

D. Joanne is blue, with slow pulse and irregular breathing.

C. Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying.

she is coughing and crying. D. Joanne is blue, with slow pulse and irregular breathing.

C. Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse

she is coughing and crying.

At birth, Mona had an Apgar score of 1; after 5 minutes of resuscitation, her score was 4. Her parents were probably told that she

A. was likely to have cerebral palsy

B. had suffered some neurological damage

C. still needed help to establish breathing

D. was out of danger and breathing normally

C. still needed help to establish breathing

after 5 minutes of resuscitation, her score was 4. Her parents were probably told that she A. was likely to have cerebral palsy B. had suffered some neurological damage C. still needed help to establish breathing D. was out of danger and breathing normally

C. still needed help to establish breathing

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale examines

A. oxygen content of the blood

B. color, pulse, and breathing

C. alertness, reflexes, and control

D. neurological maturity

C. alertness, reflexes, and control

Ramone has just been evaluated for his response to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling. Which test has he been given?

A. Apgar scale

B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

C. Denver Developmental Screening Test

D. PKU screening

B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Gorica has received a very low score on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Test. His parents were told by the pediatrician that he

A. will need immediate life-saving intervention

B. has likely suffered brain damage

C. shows evidence of learning disabilities

D. will have some motor skill impairment

B. has likely suffered brain damage

PKU (phenylketonuria) is

A. a form of neonatal jaundice

B. so rare that screening for it is not worthwhile

C. screened for routinely in most states

D. found in about 1 in 100 newborns, which makes routine screening appropriate

C. screened for routinely in most states

If an infant inherits the gene for PKU and it is left untreated, the result will be

A. neonatal jaundice

B. hormonal imbalance

C. neurological damage

D. mental retardation

D. mental retardation

Which of the following is not a possible cause of birth trauma?

A. anoxia

B. a maternal infection during delivery

C. the brain of the fetus is damaged by forceps

D. the fetus inherits the chromosomal pattern for Down syndrome

D. the fetus inherits the chromosomal pattern for Down syndrome

Which of the following is not a result of birth trauma?

A. permanent brain damage

B. developmental lag

C. behavior problems

D. death

B. developmental lag

Which technique mentioned in your text may be successful in stemming the tide of premature deaths in the United States?

A. nutritional interventions

B. bed rest and hydration for women in early labor

C. early antibiotic treatment for urinary infections

D. enhanced prenatal care

D. enhanced prenatal care

Felicia is born after a 7-month gestation period. She is called a __________ infant.

A. postterm

B. preterm

C. PKU

D. prefunctional

B. preterm

Which of the following statements about postmature babies is false?

A. They tend to have more fat due to a longer period in the womb.

B. They are at higher risk for brain damage.

C. The placenta provides a reduced blood supply during the later stages of gestation.

D. They tend to be longer than babies who are delivered on time.

A. They tend to have more fat due to a longer period in the womb.

Jonathan is born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. He is

A. premature

B. preterm

C. postterm

D. small for date

D. small for date

Alix is now in her forty-third week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be

A. postmature

B. preterm

C. postfetal

D. postdifferentiated

A. postmature

A major way to improve the chances of survival for infants in the United States would be to

A. deliver more babies by cesarean section to reduce birth trauma

B. limit the mother's weight gain to keep the baby small and ease the birth

C. counsel women on ways to increase birthweight

D. separate infants in hospital nurseries to reduce infections

C. counsel women on ways to increase birthweight

Which factor(s) do/does not appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will deliver an underweight baby

A. demographic and social conditions

B. multiple miscarriages

C. poor nutrition

D. genetic factors

D. genetic factors

Rosa and Ricardo were advised that if Rosa would eat well, abstain from smoking, not use drugs, and get prenatal care, she would _________ her chances of having a low-birthweight baby.

A. not affect

B. increase

C. decrease

D. they are not related

C. decrease

According to the text, which of the following factors will not increase the likelihood that a mother will have an underweight baby?

A. being under 17 or over 40 years of age

B. having had previous low-birthweight infants

C. having had one or two babies during the previous five years

D. inadequate prenatal care

C. having had one or two babies during the previous five years

In a longitudinal study, children who had birth trauma, low birthweight, or other complications

A. showed continual decline throughout life

B. were likely to require institutional care

C. eventually developed normally, unless environmental conditions were persistently poor

D. were unable to respond to environmental stimulation because of poor neurological development

C. eventually developed normally, unless environmental conditions were persistently poor

The most pressing fear for very small babies is that they will

A. die in infancy

B. be retarded

C. have physical disabilities

D. demonstrate developmental lag

A. die in infancy

Hyaline membrane disease

A. occurs most frequently in overweight infants

B. is also known as respiratory distress syndrome

C. reduces the heart rate

D. is seen more in white babies than in black babies

B. is also known as respiratory distress syndrome

Dr. Holcomb informs a mother that her newborn suffers from hyaline membrane disease. The baby is having problems with

A. the membranes that cover the fontanels

B. the control of muscles of the eyes

C. urinary tract infections

D. respiratory distress

D. respiratory distress

Low-birthweight newborns are usually placed into a warmed crib because

A. warmth will reduce jaundice

B. they have insufficient fat deposits

C. warmth activates the sucking reflex

D. warmth reduces the activity of the immune system

B. they have insufficient fat deposits

Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birthweight baby?

A. being left alone except for basic care

B. being touched and massaged

C. a simple sensory environment, to avoid overstimulation

D. a cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating

B. being touched and massaged

Frequent visits to the hospital nursery by parents of a low-birthweight baby

A. are discouraged because of germs

B. increase the parents' anxiety

C. cause parents to become too attached to the baby

D. may speed the baby's discharge

D. may speed the baby's discharge

Alix and Raphael are the new parents of a very low-birthweight baby. Due to its small size, the baby must remain in the hospital for several weeks. What advice is a doctor likely to give Alix and Raphael?

A. Visit the baby infrequently in order to lessen the shock should the baby die.

B. Visit the baby frequently, but do not touch it because the baby is too fragile.

C. Visit the baby frequently and massage the baby to stimulate development.

D. Only the father should visit the baby because the mother needs time alone to recover from the delivery.

C. Visit the baby frequently and massage the baby to stimulate development.

In a longitudinal study of the effects of parental counseling and educational day care on low-birthweight babies, a control group of low-birthweight infants who did not receive these interventions

A. had gained less weight by age 3 than those who received the treatment

B. were more attached to their mothers

C. were more likely to be classified as mentally retarded

D. all of the above

C. were more likely to be classified as mentally retarded

In the Infant Health and Development Program study those assigned to the "intervention group" received all of the following except

A. home visits

B. information about children's health and development

C. educational day-care

D. a "stipend" to improve their mothers standard of living during the pregnancy

B. information about children's health and development

In the Infant Health and Development Program study those infants whose cognitive performance remained high had mothers who

A. were married before and during the pregnancy

B. had high cognitive scores on tests themselves

C. responded to their babies needs

D. provided a stimulating environment for their infant

B. had high cognitive scores on tests themselves

The Infant Health and Development Program study of preterm and low-birthweight babies concluded that for intervention to have lasting effects, it must continue beyond age

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

B. 3

When considering the higher infant survival rates for infants born in western Europe and in many of the Pacific Rim societies, researchers concluded that the figures may be attributed to

A. lack of a need for prenatal care in these societies

B. the assistance of family members both before and after birth

C. lack of postnatal health care

D. genetic differences that provide infants with added protection

B. the assistance of family members both before and after birth

The Infant Health and Development Program study also concluded that the most important factor that determined long-term progress was

A. the degree of birth trauma

B. what goes on in the home itself

C. the frequency of home visits

D. the quality of neonatal care

B. what goes on in the home itself

According to the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which of the following factors seems to protect some individuals from the harmful effects of birth complications?

A. a sense of personal control over one's life

B. close ties to a family member

C. a high inborn level of sociability

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The ongoing longitudinal study in Kauai shows that the effects of low-birthweight, birth injuries, and other birth complications can be counteracted by

A. a favorable home environment

B. drug therapy

C. large doses of mega-vitamins

D. surgical intervention

A. a favorable home environment

The infant mortality rate (the number of babies that die during the first year of their life) is

A. only high in low-income mothers

B. lower in the United States than in most other industrialized countries

C. higher in the United States than ever before

D. attributable largely to birth defects and SIDS

D. attributable largely to birth defects and SIDS

Children who overcome multiple sources of stress such as chronic poverty, mentally ill parents, or family discord or divorce are often referred to as

A. resilient children

B. low-birthweight children

C. postmature children

D. none of the above

A. resilient children

The relatively high infant mortality rate for African-American babies seems to be due to

A. a genetic predisposition to respiratory problems in this group

B. greater weight gain during pregnancy in this group

C. a high percentage of low-birthweight babies in this group

D. neglect by the mothers

C. a high percentage of low-birthweight babies in this group

When low-birthweight rates among industrialized countries are gathered, the United States

A. has more low-birthweight babies than approximately 50 percent of the countries

B. has more low-birthweight babies than approximately 10 percent of the countries

C. has more than every other country

D. none of the above

C. has more than every other country

__________ is (are) the leading cause of infant mortality.

A. Respiratory distress

B. Cancer

C. Automobile accidents

D. Birth defects

D. Birth defects

A preventable factor in infant mortality that can cause long-term physical or cognitive problems is

A. birth trauma

B. anoxia

C. low-birthweight

D. postmature birth

C. low-birthweight