Adv. Biology Chapter 5; Cell Division and Growth

Why do cells divide?

stay small, repair and replace, embryonic development, reproduction method

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

asexual-one parent; sexual-two parents

What type of reproduction is genetically identical?

asexual

What type of reproduction is genetically different?

sexual

What type of reproduction is quicker?

asexual

What type of reproduction is slower?

sexual

What type of reproduction uses less energy?

asexual

What type of reproduction uses more energy?

sexual

What is the the advantage sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction?

species can adapt in a changing environment

What are chromosomes?

DNA and histone (protein)

What is histone?

protein

What type of cell has one circular chromosome?

prokaryotic

What type of cell has multiple chromosomes?

eukaryotic

What type of cell is easier to divide?

prokaryotic

What type of cell is harder to divide?

eukaryotic

What type of cell has binary fission?

prokaryotic

What is the first step of interphase?

G1

What is the second step of interphase?

S

What is the third step of interphase?

G2

What happens in the G1 phase?

the cell grows

What happens in the S phase?

DNA replication

What happens in the G2 phase?

the cell prepares for mitosis

What are the 5 parts of cell division?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

What happens in mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the arrow in the middle pointing to? The bottom arrows?

centromere; sister chromatids

What are the two parts of cell division?

mitosis; cytokinesis

What does mitosis do?

makes two from one

What is the result of cell division?

daughter cells are genetically identical; have the same number of chromosomes as parent

What happens in prophase?

nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes condense )( , mitotic spindle appears

What happens in metaphase?

chromosomes line up in the middle of cell (single file)

What happens in anaphase?

chromosomes move away from middle, sister chromosomes break apart

What happens in telophase?

nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes begin to unravel, mitotic spindle dissolves

How do animal and plant cells differ when dividing?

animal cells "pinch inward" before dividing

What are checkpoints?

safety measures in a cell that control how fast a cell divides

What is checked during a checkpoint?

proper growth, DNA replication, spindle fiber formation; DNA errors

What is cancer?

uncontrolled division of cells

What is cancer commonly mistaken for?

virus or bacteria

What is a tumor?

mass of cells

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell suicide

What type of tumor is not harmful and slow dividing?

benign

What type of tumor is harmful, fast dividing, and spreads to other organs?

malignant

What does metastasize mean?

spread

What are ways you can get cancer?

inherit, UV, tobacco, pollutants

What are carcinogens?

cancer causing agents (usually chemical)

What phase do centromeres divide and chromosomes move toward respective poles?

anaphase

What phase do chromatin condense to form chromosomes?

prophase

In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?

chromatid

What are the two parts of cell division?

mitosis and cytokinesis

What structure forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move?

spindle fiber

What is the last phase in which chromatids are together?

metaphase

What phase is characterized by non-dividing cell?

interphase

What structure is produced when protein fibers radiate from centrioles?

spindle fibers

What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?

cell plate

What is the period of cell growth and development between mitotic divisions?

interphase

What is cell differentiation?

process of stem cell becoming specialized

What is a problem with cell division?

can cause cancer

What is a positive about cell division?

stem cell therapy

What are the 2 types of stem cells?

embryonic, adult

What are sources of embryonic stem cells?

umbilical chords, IVF

What are sources of adult stem cells?

skin, bone marrow, nasal cavity, liver

What does pluripotent mean?

change into any type of cell

Which type of cell comes from fetus and is pluripotent?

embryonic stem cell

What type of cell comes from adults and isn't pluripotent?

adult

What does induced pluripotent stem cell (IPS) mean?

adult cell reprogrammed to be an embryonic stem cell