Studied by 2 peopleWhy do cells divide?
stay small, repair and replace, embryonic development, reproduction method
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
asexual-one parent; sexual-two parents
What type of reproduction is genetically identical?
asexual
What type of reproduction is genetically different?
sexual
What type of reproduction is quicker?
asexual
What type of reproduction is slower?
sexual
What type of reproduction uses less energy?
asexual
What type of reproduction uses more energy?
sexual
What is the the advantage sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction?
species can adapt in a changing environment
What are chromosomes?
DNA and histone (protein)
What is histone?
protein
What type of cell has one circular chromosome?
prokaryotic
What type of cell has multiple chromosomes?
eukaryotic
What type of cell is easier to divide?
prokaryotic
What type of cell is harder to divide?
eukaryotic
What type of cell has binary fission?
prokaryotic
What is the first step of interphase?
G1
What is the second step of interphase?
S
What is the third step of interphase?
G2
What happens in the G1 phase?
the cell grows
What happens in the S phase?
DNA replication
What happens in the G2 phase?
the cell prepares for mitosis
What are the 5 parts of cell division?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What happens in mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the arrow in the middle pointing to? The bottom arrows?
centromere; sister chromatids
What are the two parts of cell division?
mitosis; cytokinesis
What does mitosis do?
makes two from one
What is the result of cell division?
daughter cells are genetically identical; have the same number of chromosomes as parent
What happens in prophase?
nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes condense )( , mitotic spindle appears
What happens in metaphase?
chromosomes line up in the middle of cell (single file)
What happens in anaphase?
chromosomes move away from middle, sister chromosomes break apart
What happens in telophase?
nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes begin to unravel, mitotic spindle dissolves
How do animal and plant cells differ when dividing?
animal cells "pinch inward" before dividing
What are checkpoints?
safety measures in a cell that control how fast a cell divides
What is checked during a checkpoint?
proper growth, DNA replication, spindle fiber formation; DNA errors
What is cancer?
uncontrolled division of cells
What is cancer commonly mistaken for?
virus or bacteria
What is a tumor?
mass of cells
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell suicide
What type of tumor is not harmful and slow dividing?
benign
What type of tumor is harmful, fast dividing, and spreads to other organs?
malignant
What does metastasize mean?
spread
What are ways you can get cancer?
inherit, UV, tobacco, pollutants
What are carcinogens?
cancer causing agents (usually chemical)
What phase do centromeres divide and chromosomes move toward respective poles?
anaphase
What phase do chromatin condense to form chromosomes?
prophase
In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?
chromatid
What are the two parts of cell division?
mitosis and cytokinesis
What structure forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move?
spindle fiber
What is the last phase in which chromatids are together?
metaphase
What phase is characterized by non-dividing cell?
interphase
What structure is produced when protein fibers radiate from centrioles?
spindle fibers
What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?
cell plate
What is the period of cell growth and development between mitotic divisions?
interphase
What is cell differentiation?
process of stem cell becoming specialized
What is a problem with cell division?
can cause cancer
What is a positive about cell division?
stem cell therapy
What are the 2 types of stem cells?
embryonic, adult
What are sources of embryonic stem cells?
umbilical chords, IVF
What are sources of adult stem cells?
skin, bone marrow, nasal cavity, liver
What does pluripotent mean?
change into any type of cell
Which type of cell comes from fetus and is pluripotent?
embryonic stem cell
What type of cell comes from adults and isn't pluripotent?
adult
What does induced pluripotent stem cell (IPS) mean?
adult cell reprogrammed to be an embryonic stem cell
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