Principles of Chemistry A-C

3 states of matter

3 states of matter

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Arrangement and Movement of solids

Tightly packed and vibrate around a fixed position

Arrangement and Movement of liquids

Randomly arranged and move around each other freely

Arrangement and Movement of Gas

Random and fast, moving freely

Diagram of diffusion of bromine gas

What do dilution and diffusion provide evidence for?

the kinetic theory of matter

Dilution

the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution

What type of change is an interconversion of state?

Physical change, changes in the forces between the particles of the substances

Melting

Solid to Liquid

Boiling

Liquid to Gas

Freezing

Liquid to Solid

Evaporation

liquid to gas

condensation

Gas to liquid

Sublimation

Solid to Gas

Solvent

the liquid in which a solute dissolves

Solute

The substance which dissolves in a liquid to form a solution

Solution

Solute + Solvent mixture

Saturated Solution

a solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent

Element

a substance made up of only one type of atom

Compound

a pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together

Mixture

a combination of two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically bonded together

What type of substance has a fixed melting and boiling point?

Pure substance

Pure substance

consists of a single element or compound which contains no other substances

Boiling/Melting point of mixtures

Mixtures may melt/boil over a range of different temperatures

Simple Distillation

used to separate a liquid and soluble solid from a solution or pure liquid from a mixture of liquids

Simple Distillation Diagram

Fractional Distillation

separate two or more liquids that are mixed together

Fractional Distillation Diagram

Filtration

an undissolved solid from a mixture of the solid and a liquid

Crystallisation

separate a dissolved solid from a solution

Crystallisation diagram

Paper Chromatography

used to separate substances that have different solubilities in a given solvent

Paper Chromatography Diagram

Pure Substances in chromatograms

They will only produce one spot on the chromatogram

Rf calculation

distance travelled by substance ÷ distance travelled by solvent

Boundaries of rf value

The Rf value will always be between 0 and 1, the closer it is to 1, the more soluble is that component in the solvent

atom

the smallest part of an element, consists of electrons that surround a nucleus containing protons and neutrons

molecule

a group of two or more atoms chemically joined together

Mass & Charge of Subatomic Particles

How to calculate Ar

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

protons + neutrons

Isotopes

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons, but with a different number of neutrons