bio 2 exam 2

chapters 27, 28, 31, 33, 34 quizzes 3, 4, 5

which of the following is common to prokaryotic cells?

c. plasma membrane

the bacterial phylum that typically produces oxygen gas as a result of photosynthesis is

b. cyanobacteria

gram staining is a procedure that microbiologists use to

c. infer the structure of a bacterial cell well and the bacterial response to antibiotics

the structures that enable gram-positive bacteria to remain dormant for extremely long periods of time are known as

b. endospores

structures that pathogenic bacteria use for attacking host cells include

a. injectisomes and type IV secretion systems

New methods are needed to reduce methane emissions into Earth's atmosphere to prevent global warming. What materials would you need to construct a technological system that employs biological organisms to remove methane?

a. You would need one or more strains of methane-oxidizing bacteria capable of growing in an industrial system, and you would need to provide the bacteria with optimal oxygen levels and an optimal source of organic food.

Horizontal gene transfer is a natural process by which genes can move from one prokaryotic cell to another cell that previously lacked that gene. This process may provide bacteria with additional functions. If you needed to introduce a new gene into a lab-grown bacterial culture, what approaches might you take to achieve horizontal gene transfer?

e. All of the above are reasonable approaches.

bacteria and archaea conduct many types of chemical reactions that alter atoms, ions, or molecules that are important on a global level. Many of these microbial species occurs primarily in wetlands and other types of aquatic habitats. Based on your reading of this chapter, what type(s) of bacterial-meditative reactions might you expect to find in a wetland?

d. all of the above are reasonable expextations

Bacteria our agents of many kinds of diseases affecting crops and animals, including humans. The bacterial species that cause disease and make up just a fraction of the estimate the number of bacterial species that exist. Eukaryotic cells possess mechanisms that help them defend against bacterial attack. Consequently bacterial pathogens have evolved specialized mechanisms for attacking specific types of animals or plants. Which of the examples listed below represents a specific attack strategy described in this chapter?

All of the above

Actively growing bacterial cells are vulnerable to drawing out quickly and air or dying when exposed to other types of damaging conditions. Which of the following describes a strategy that bacteria use to survive stressful conditions?

all of the above

If you were studying the evolutionary origin of cell-to-cell signaling in systems in animals, from which of the following protist phyla would you chose representative species to analyze?

Choanomonada

If you were interested in the evolutionary origin of land plant traits, which of the following groups would you choose to study?

green algae

protists that move around by means of cilia are the

ciliate protozoa

imagine that someone send you a sample of living single-celled protists labeled "mixotrophs." What could you infer about the sample?

the protists in the sample use a mixed mechanism of nutrition involving photoautotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrohpy

what are extrusomes?

spearlike defensive structures shot from cells as a response to attack

SUPER LONG QUESTION ENDING IN: what is the most reasonable estimate of the minimal number of different genomes potentially represented in protists that have tertiary plastids?

at least seven

imagine you have been directed to compare the fine structures and genomes present in different types of tertiary plastids. which protist group would be the best source of different types of tertiary plastids?

dinoflagellates

consider the hypothesis listed below: which, if any, of them is a reasonable and testable hypothesis to answer the following question: in an aquatic environment, how might larger body size- conferred by larger cells in the cases of unicellular species or by multicellularity- be advantageous to photosynthetic protists?

all of the above

how might you test the hypothesis that a fungus-like protist acquired the capacity to take up and metabolize a compound )that is also food for fungi) by means of horizontal gene transfer from a fungal species?

all of the strategies listed above are reasonable

Consider the characteristics of modern species classified in Alveolata, Stramenopilia, and Rhizaria, three protest super groups that are more closely related to each other than any other supergroup. If produce that resembles the ancestor that gave rise to Alveolata, Stramenopilia, and Rhizaria, are still alive today how about you recognize them?

ancestor-like protists would probably lack plastis and move by means of two flagella

the simplest and most ancient lineage of modern land plants is probably

bryophytes such as hornworts, liverworts and mosses

Plants possess a life cycle that involves alternation of two multicellular generations: the gametophyte and

the sporophyte

A waxy cuticle is an adaptation that

helps to prevent water loss from tracheophytes

the function of the stomata that occur on plant surfaces is to

allow gas exchange with the environment while retarding water vapor loss

if you wanted to observe a plant embryo, in which of the following samples would you look?

all of the above would be appropriate to examine

which sequence of plant critical adaptions reflects the order of their appearance in time, starting with the earliest trait?

embryos, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

if you could use a Time Machine to follow the diversification of plans, starting in the early paleozioc era, which sequence of events would you likely witness?

Diversification of bryophyte phyla that occur today followed by the origin of modern seedless vascular plant phyla, then seen plant diversification

Imagine you are appointed to lead a project to use plans to reduce atmospheric levels of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Which of the following efforts may you recommend?

all of the above

Imagine that you want to conduct similar research to that of browning and gunning with mosses that measured the flow of organic food from gametophyes to young sporophytes. However you want to focus on an early diverging vascular plant in order to compare it to mosses. Which plant would be evolutionarily appropriate and easy to study in such an experiment and why?

A typical fern having a green gametophyte bearing very young sporophytes that are about the size of bryophytes sporophyte

which of the following is the correct hierarchy of divisions in the animal kingdom, from most inclusive to least inclusive?

bilateria, protostomia, ecdysoza

bilateral symmetry is strongly correlated with

all of the above

naturally occurring identical twins are possible only in animals that

have indeterminate cleavage

a defining feature of the ecdysoza is

a cuticle

A major finding of recent molecular studies is that

the presence of absence of a coelom is not important for classification

If a coelom had been present in a species but was then lost over time, which function would you hypothesize could be most affected?

muscular function

If it were found that all animals except the Parazoa had a particular set of genes, one could conclude

those genes probably are related to the embryonic formation of tissues

echinoderms are classified as bilateria. although they start out as bilaterian larvae, they change into radially symmetric adults. you might hypothesize that their genes that control the development of radial symmetry are

different from thosr controlling the development of symmetry in all other radially symmetric animals

An organism in your lab has a malformed central nervous system that can be traced all the way back to the embryonic stage. To further investigate this issue, which germ layer(s) would you want to examine closely to get an idea of exactly how the malformation occurred?

ectoderm

you are presented with a newly discovered invertebrate species. as you observe it in your lab, you note that the animals shed their exoskeleton. which designation might this lead you to consider?

ecdysozoan

you are presented with an animal that resembles a jellyfish. as you examine it further, which characteristic would allow you to conclude that it belongs to the phylum Ctenhophora rather than the phylum cinidaria

a complete digestive track

from your observations of a new rotifer species, you discover that diploid females can lay diploid eggs that, in turn, become female adults. what form of reproduction does this discovery illustrate?

asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis

In arthropods, the tracheal system is

a series of branching tubes extending into the body that allow for gas exchange

incomplete metamorphosis

involves gradual changes in life stages where young resemble the adult stage

Which clade includes echinoderms?

Bilateria

your lab group is given an animal to identify, but you are unable to find a mouth or anus. What type of organism might this be?

a cestode

In earthworms, what do the nerve cord, the setae, the circular muscles, and the metanephridia have in common?

they are repeated in all segments of the body

A previously unknown animal is being studied so that it can be classified. It is an invertebrate, triploblastic, dorsoventrally flattened, acoelomate, and has flame cells. Which phylum would you place it in?

platyhelminthes

predict what would happen to a sponge that could no longer produce spicules

vulnerability to predation would increase

some of your colleagues are studying a newly discovered organism. one is becoming increasingly convinced that the organism is an arthropod. another must disagree when she notes that the organism has a set of distinctly nonarthropod characteristics. The features that cause your colleague to exclude the organisms from the arthropod grouping are

pseudocoelom, a closed circulatory system, and a ventral heart

In seed-bearing plants, what structure becomes the seed following fertilization?

the ovule

Pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts live in a close association with one another known as

parasitism

in a haploid-dominant life cycle

Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions.

Erwinia carotovora is a species of bacteria that uses injectisomes to inject proteins into plant cells, ultimately causing tissue rot. E. carotovora is an example of a:

pathogen

the malarial stage of infecting red blood cells of humans are the

merozites

the algae are diverse in many ways, but one commonality is that they

have photosynthetic pigments

archaea that tolerate and/or require high salinities are called halophiles

true

Archeopteryx was an early bird that arose from one lineage within the dinosaur clade. This is why some call birds "living dinosaurs". What pair of taxa have a similar relationship, with the first having evolved from within the larger group?

plants- streptophyte algae

The evolution of organisms that use oxygen in their respiration was possible only because of the action of a group of bacteria that produced oxygen and changed the Earth's atmosphere from an anoxic one to one rich in oxygen. That group of bacteria was:

cyanobacteria

the group of protists to which you are most closly related to is

the choanoflagellates

Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes?

cyanobacteria

what is the source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules in a photoautotroph

light

sporopollenin is

a tough protective covering on spores

Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess:

hairy flagella

Wild cherry (Prunus avium) is a tree that is native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. It has been widely cultivated by humans for its fruit, which are also attractive to birds. Based on this information, wild cherry is most closely related to which of the following plants?

roses

Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by:

locomotion via pseudopodia

A researcher used genetic engineering to put a channel rhodopsin gene from green algae into a fruit fly's neuron. What would result from this experiment?

a neuron would respond to light

you are working on a team to characterize a local lake's plankton community. Using a compound microscope, you isolate one specimen from a water sample. It is unicellular and has a specialized feeding groove cut into the cell surface. What cannot be true of this species?

it is an osmotroph

In the spring, a family on vacation brings their boat from Florida to Maine and introduces a mutant form of cyanobacterium that cannot produce akinetes. The pond receives a lot of runoff when they fertilize the lawn nearby. There are also some other bacteria and archaea in the pond. What do you predict will happen over the next year?

the cyanobacterium will thrive all summer but may not survive the winter

the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their

thylakoids

Gametophytes that are completely enclosed within the walls of a spore are known as

endosporic gametophytes

endosprem is found in

angiosprems

Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes, and many have gas vesicles. What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc?

they are photoautotrophs

slime molds are in the supergroup

Amoebozoa

The waxy polymer on the leaves of vascular plants that protects them from pathogens is called

cutin

Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton?

Euglena (a unicellular alga)

which of the following is not a function of the mucilage in bacteria?

nitrogen fixation

An obligate anaerobe is an organism that:

is poisoned by oxygen

the photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors?

blue-green

which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition?

eutrophic

a parasite is also a(n):

heterotroph

which of the following is NOT used by protists for protection against predators?

shooting acids

binary fission is:

cell division by splitting

A researcher is comparing related species of protist. Most species in the taxon live in the periphyton, but one unusual species lives in the plankton. What can you predict will be different about the planktonic species compared to the ones in the periphyton?

it will have higher buoyancy

spermatophytes are

all living and fossil seed plants

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya are:

domains

endosprem is found in

angiosprems

the atmosphere and seas of the early earth lacked oxygen. what kind of organisms could NOT have lived under those conditions?

obligate aerobes

pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts live in a close association with one another known as

parasitism

which of the following statements is the most accurate description of fruits and seeds?

fruits are structures that contain seeds and foster seed dispersal

while conducting a plant diversity survey in a temperate rainforest in Washington state, you come across a number of individuals of a low-lying plant species. Back at the lab, tests indicate that the majority of the plant material is haploid. The plant you discovered is likely most closely related to

sphagnum moss

which of the following correctly describes the fate of the embryonic germ layers

The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the epidermis and parts of the nervous system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.

An acoelomate is an animal that

has neither a coelom nor a pseudocoelom

The recent reassessment of animal classification is the result of

comparison of molecular data

if a mutation occurred in a human such that the pharyngeal slits never formed, what do you predict would be the consequence?

the eustachian tubes would not form

Molecular techniques led to the reinterpretation of earlier phylogenetic trees based upon morphological data. one of the major changes was that:

the clades ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa were created

what was a major morphological criterion on which traditional classification of animals was based?

presence of absence of a true body cavity

which of these statements is most accurate about blastopore

it occurs in both protostomes and deuterostomes

what is the primary characteristic that groups phyla within the ecdysozoa

they shed their exoskeletons

The change of a larval form of insect to a different adult form is known as

complete metamorphosis

coelomates are

animals that have a true coelom