History 8th Grade Midterm

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary; assassinated by Serbian nationalists

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilsons 14th point which called for an international organization to promote peace and diplomacy

Lusitania

US ocean liner sunk by German U-boats

Triple Alliance / Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy

Trench Warfare

A type of combat fought by attacking and counter attacking from trenches dug in the ground

Zimmerman Note

Coded telegram sent from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the US

Treaty of Versailles

Document ending WW1 and forcing Germany to pay war reparations

Triple Entante / Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, and Russia (later the US too)

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s document for peace that was presented to the allies at the Paris Peace Conference

Stalemate

When no one can gain the upper hand in a conflict between two countries

MAIN

Acronym explaining long term causes of WW1 (Militarism, Alliance systems, Imperialism, and Nationalism)

Militarism

When a country builds their military by investing in more soldiers and weapons

Alliance Systems

Mutual defense agreements between countries

Imperialism

When a powerful country uses military dominance to control another country / Areas in a country where a foreign country controls resources

Nationalism

Extreme pride, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country, culture, or beleifs

Schlieffen Plan

A German military strategy aiming to defeat France and then Russia in a two-front war

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Naval tactic where submarines attack and sink all enemy shipping without warning

Communism

A policy of equally distributing wealth and not having private property

Great Britain

France

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Italy

Serbia

Bulgaria

Germany

Russia

Ottoman Empire

Western Front

Reached from North Sea to Switzerland (see yellow line on map)

Eastern Front

Reached from Black Sea to Baltic Sea (see dark red line on map)

Alsace-Lorraine

Piece of land that was the main thing that Germany wanted from France

Romania

Albania

Spain

Portugal

Denmark

Netherlands

Switzerland

Isolationalism

Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries

William H. Seward

Secretary of State who arranged the purchase of Alaska

Liliuokalani

Queen of Hawaii who was overthrown after proposing a new constitution supporting the powers of the monarchy

Spheres of Influence

Building an empire by colonizing or conquering other nations

Open Door Policy

Stated that all nations should have equal access to trade in China

Boxer Rebellion

A violent rebellion led by Boxers, Chinese nationalists who were angered by foreign involvement in China

Yellow Journalism

A style of exaggerated news designed to lure in readers with sensational stories

Teller Amendment

Stated that the US did not want to take over Cuba

Platt Amendment

Limited Cuba’s rights and gave the US power to intervene in Cuba’s affairs

Panama Canal

A canal providing a ‘highway' for ships that connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine that allowed US to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries 

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s policy of influencing governments by economic means

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt’s idea of using the US military force to protect American interests in Latin America / the Western Hemisphere

Motives for Imperialism

EMPIRE (Economics, Military, Politics, Ideology, Religion, Exploratory)

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s policy of spreading democracy through diplomatic means

Motives to Annex Hawaii

Natural resources, use as a mid-Pacific military base in Spanish American War

White Man’s Burden

Used to justify imperialism; idea that it was our destiny/obligation to imperialize in order to bring others to our level of civilization

Causes of Spanish-American War

Cuba’s struggle for independence, Yellow Journalism, The DeLome Letter, the USS Maine

Effects of Spanish American War

Territorial gain on Puerto Rico, Guam, and Phillipines, as well as control of Cuba

Expansionism

A policy of wanting to expand your country + their ways to influence/take over others

Seward’s Folly

Many viewed Seward’s purchase of Alaska as a mistake and called it ______ because they thought Alaska was a frozen wateland

Natural Resources

Purchasing Alaska proved to benefit us because Alaska had a ton of ________!

Bayonet Constitution

The king of Hawaii was almost forced to sign this before his death, which would strip the monarchy of its power and give power to the US missionaries turned planters that were monopolizing off of sugarcane

Rudyard Kipling

Author of “White Man’s Burden” and “The Jungle Book”

American Imperialist League

Group of American isolationists against the annexation of so many new territories during and after the Spanish American War

Settlement Houses

Neighborhood centers in poor areas offering education, recreation, and social activities.

Hull House

A settlement house focused on the needs of immigrant families, founded by Jane Addams

Jane Addams

Founded the Hull House and tried to make immigrants’ lives better

Jacob Riis

Journalist + photographer who exposed the horrible conditions on NYC’s tenaments

Florence Kelly

An important reformer at the Hull House, helped convince the state government of Illinois to lower women’s working hours and prevent child labor, later became chief factory inspector of Illinois

Progressives

A group of reformers who tried to solve crime, disease, and poverty due to industrial and urban growth, as well as improving education and working conditions

Muckrakers

Journalists that wrote about problems like child labor, racial discrimination, etc to try for a change

16th Amendment

This amendment states that the government can impose an income tax on citizens

17th Amendment

This amendment stated that Senators are elected directly by voters of the states

18th Amendment

This amendment states that the sale, production, and transport of alcohol is illegal

19th Amendment

This amendment gives women suffrage / the right to vote

Recall

To remove an official before the end of their term

Initiative

A procedure allowing voters to propose a law by gathering signatures on a petition

Referendum

People could vote to approve or reject a law previously passed or proposed by a government body

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A devastating clothing factory workplace fire

Workers’ Compensation Laws

Guaranteed a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job

Capitalism

An economic system in which private companies own most industries and competition determines the price of goods

Socialism

A system in which the government owns and operates means of production

NAWSA

This organization defends women’s voting rights: the National American Women Suffrage Association

Alice Paul

Founded the National Women’s Party, promoting women’s suffrage

Booker T. Washington

This African American man grew up in slavery and then educated others on improving African Americans’ educational and economic well-being

Ida B. Wells

Wrote about unequal education being provided to African American children

NAACP

This organization focused on economic and educational equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

W. E. B. DuBois

African American sociologist and civil rights activist that founded NAACP

Theodore Roosevelt

Politician who was the VP for POTUS McKinley, took over when he was assassinated, and had progressive ideas/views

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law Prohibiting the manufacture, transport, or sale of mislabeled / contaminated food / drugs

Conservation

The protection of nature and its resources

William Howard Taft

Secretary of War for Roosevelt, POTUS in 1908, added tariffs that angered progressives

Progressive Party

Political Party favoring progressive views, founded by Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic POTUS of 1912 who tried to regulate tariffs and the economy

Vertical Integration

Owning all means for manufacturing your product / A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production or distribution within the same industry.

Horizontal Integration

Owning all competition in your industry / A business strategy in which a company acquires or merges with its competitors to increase market share and reduce competition.

The Gilded Age

A time in history named for industrialization benefits covering up poverty, disease, child labor, etc.

Transportation, Resources/Raw Materials, Inventions/Innovations, Population

Factors allowing the US to go into a new industrial era

Bessemer Process

A method for mass-producing steel by blasting air through molten iron to remove impurities, revolutionizing steel production in the 19th century. It significantly lowered steel production costs and increased efficiency, leading to widespread use in construction and manufacturing of railroads, skyscrapers, etc., invented by Henry Bessemer

New Immigrants

Immigrants who arrived in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Old Immigrants

Immigrants who came to the United States before the late 19th century, mostly from Northern and Western Europe