mgmt 230 final

What is organizational behavior (OB)?

The study of the influence that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations.

Why are interpersonal skills important in OB?

Good people skills are critical for attracting and retaining high-performing employees and improving workplace relationships.

What are the three levels of analysis in OB?

Individual, group, and organizational levels.

What does systematic study in OB involve?

Examining relationships, attributing causes and effects, and gathering data under controlled conditions.

What is evidence-based management?

A management approach that bases decisions on the best available scientific evidence.

Which disciplines contribute to the field of OB?

Psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and neuroscience.

What was the focus of the Hawthorne Study?

To discover optimal working conditions to maximize productivity.

What are contingency variables in OB?

Factors that can assist in making accurate generalizations about behavior in organizations.

What challenges do managers face in OB?

Economic pressures, remote work, globalization, workforce diversity, and improving customer service.

What is the impact of remote work on management?

It creates efficiencies but also presents challenges for managers and employees.

How can managers enhance employee well-being at work?

By helping employees find work-life balance and managing job demands.

What is positive organizational scholarship?

An approach that focuses on developing human strengths and fostering resilience in the workplace.

What is the significance of ethical behavior in OB?

Managers must navigate ethical dilemmas and promote integrity within diverse cultural contexts.

How can OB improve customer service?

By equipping managers with skills to create customer-friendly cultures and appropriate attitudes.

What is the role of big data in OB?

To identify persistent and predictive statistics that inform HR management and decision-making.

What are the characteristics of organizational culture?

Shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape how members of an organization interact.

What are functional effects of organizational culture?

Positive impacts that enhance employee performance and satisfaction.

What are dysfunctional effects of organizational culture?

Negative impacts that hinder performance and create toxic work environments.

How is culture transmitted to employees?

Through socialization processes, rituals, and communication within the organization.

What factors create and sustain an organization's culture?

Leadership, policies, practices, and employee behaviors.

What is a toxic organizational culture?

A culture that fosters negativity, low morale, and high turnover among employees.

What is the importance of adapting management skills?

To effectively manage diverse requirements and improve interpersonal relationships.

What is the relationship between OB and employee productivity?

Understanding OB can lead to improved work quality and productivity through better management practices.

What does it mean to empower employees in OB?

Providing employees with the authority and resources to make decisions and contribute to the organization.

How can managers balance work-life conflicts?

By recognizing employee needs and providing flexibility in job demands.

What is the significance of leadership in ethical behavior?

Strong leadership influences employees to behave ethically and make right decisions.

What insights can be gained from individual levels of analysis in OB?

Understanding individual behaviors can improve group functioning and overall organizational effectiveness.

What is organizational culture?

A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from others.

What are the primary characteristics of organizational culture?

Innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, conflict tolerance/aggressiveness, stability, and control.

How is organizational culture perceived by employees?

It is concerned with how employees perceive the organization's culture, not whether they like it.

What is the dominant culture in an organization?

The dominant culture expresses the core values shared by a majority of the organization's members.

What are subcultures in organizations?

Subcultures develop in large organizations to reflect common problems, situations, or experiences of members.

What are the effects of a strong organizational culture?

It influences member behavior, increases cohesiveness, and results in lower employee turnover.

How does high formalization affect organizational culture?

High formalization creates predictability, orderliness, and consistency, similar to a strong culture.

What are the functions of organizational culture?

Defines boundaries, conveys identity, generates commitment, enhances social stability, and serves as a sense-making and control mechanism.

What is organizational climate?

Shared perceptions that organizational members have about their organization and work environment.

What are barriers to change in organizational culture?

Institutionalization, slow culture change, minimization of diversity, and cultural incompatibility during mergers.

How does an organization's culture begin?

The ultimate source of an organization's culture is its founders.

What are the methods founders use to create culture?

Hiring like-minded individuals, indoctrinating employees, and acting as role models.

What is formal socialization?

When new employees are kept separate from regular work and given special orientation or training.

What is informal socialization?

When new employees start working right away with little or no special preparation.

What is the difference between individual and collective socialization?

Individual socialization trains new members separately, while collective socialization trains them together.

What is investiture socialization?

Supports and builds on a newcomer's existing qualities and skills.

What is divestiture socialization?

Aims to reshape the newcomer by removing certain traits or behaviors.

How do employees learn culture?

Through stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.

What characterizes a strong ethical culture?

High risk-tolerance, low to moderate aggressiveness, and a focus on ethical means and outcomes.

What are the characteristics of innovative cultures?

Encourage experimentation, reward both success and failures, and celebrate mistakes.

What defines a positive organizational culture?

Building on employee strengths, rewarding more than punishing, and emphasizing growth.

How does national culture affect organizational culture?

Organizational culture can reflect national culture and transcend national boundaries.

What should managers do to foster a positive culture?

Hire individuals whose values align with the organization and involve top management in culture change.

What is the significance of cultural sensitivity in global management?

Managers need to be culturally sensitive to avoid misunderstandings and foster effective communication.

What is the role of socialization in sustaining culture?

Socialization helps new employees adapt to the existing culture and reinforces the organizational norms.

What are the implications for managers regarding organizational culture?

Understand that culture is relatively fixed short-term and requires strategic planning for effective change.

What is the goal of studying organizational behavior?

To apply knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness.

What are the common characteristics of organizational culture?

Innovation and risk-taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, conflict tolerance, and stability.

What is the difference between strong and weak organizational cultures?

Strong cultures have core values that are intensely held and widely shared, while weak cultures do not.

What functions does organizational culture serve?

Defines boundaries, conveys identity, generates commitment, enhances stability, and acts as a control mechanism.

How is organizational culture transmitted to employees?

Through stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.

What is the role of founders in creating organizational culture?

Founders create culture by hiring like-minded individuals, indoctrinating employees, and acting as role models.

What is a toxic organizational culture characterized by?

In-fighting, excessive political behavior, and stressful work interactions.

How can ethical cultures of innovation be encouraged?

By providing ethical training, rewarding ethical behavior, and ensuring managers act as visible role models.

What are the implications of globalization for organizational culture?

Managers must be culturally sensitive and aware that ethical decision-making can be culture-bound.

What is the significance of organizational climate?

It reflects shared perceptions about the organization and is linked to customer satisfaction and financial performance.

What are the stages of the socialization model for new employees?

Pre-arrival, encounter, and metamorphosis.

What is the difference between formal and informal socialization?

Formal socialization involves special orientation, while informal socialization occurs without special preparation.

What is the impact of high formalization in organizations?

It creates predictability, orderliness, and consistency.

What is the importance of employee socialization in maintaining culture?

It helps new employees adapt to the existing culture and aligns their values with those of the organization.

What is the role of top management in sustaining organizational culture?

They establish norms of behavior through their actions and decisions.

What is a positive organizational culture focused on?

Building on employee strengths, rewarding achievements, and fostering growth.

What barriers can culture create for organizations?

Barriers to change, diversity, and acquisitions due to institutionalized behaviors.

How can managers improve employee well-being at work?

By balancing job demands with employee flexibility and supporting work-life balance.

What are the implications for managers in shaping organizational culture?

They should hire individuals whose values align with the organization and train employees on cultural expectations.

What is the significance of the OB model?

It helps describe inputs and processes that lead to organizational outcomes.

What is the relationship between national culture and organizational culture?

National culture can influence organizational culture preferences and expectations.

What is the effect of strong organizational cultures on employee turnover?

Strong cultures tend to result in lower employee turnover.

What is the impact of remote work on organizational behavior?

It creates efficiencies but poses challenges for managers and employees.

What are the characteristics of a strong ethical culture?

High risk tolerance, low to moderate aggressiveness, and a focus on ethical means and outcomes.

What is the importance of big data in organizational behavior?

It helps identify persistent and predictive statistics to manage human resources effectively.

What should managers consider when applying OB research in international contexts?

Cultural norms and expectations may vary, altering the applicability of research findings.

What is the role of storytelling in organizational culture?

It provides explanations and reinforces key values within the organization.

What is the significance of material symbols in culture?

They convey importance and appropriate behaviors within the organization.

What is the impact of a positive organizational climate on customer satisfaction?

A positive climate is linked to higher customer satisfaction and better financial performance.

What is the definition of attitudes in organizational behavior?

Evaluative statements (favorable or unfavorable) about objects, people, or events.

What are the three components of attitudes?

Cognitive (evaluation), Affective (feeling), and Behavioral (action).

What is cognitive dissonance?

Inconsistency between two or more attitudes, or between behavior and attitudes, which individuals try to minimize.

What are the major job attitudes?

Job satisfaction, job involvement, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and employee engagement.

How is job satisfaction measured?

Using the single global rating method (accurate) or the summation score method (identifies specific elements).

What is the strongest correlate of job satisfaction?

The work itself.

What are the four responses to job dissatisfaction?

Voice (active & constructive), Loyalty (passive & constructive), Exit (active & destructive), Neglect (passive & destructive).

What is the difference between emotions and moods?

Emotions are intense feelings caused by specific events, while moods are less intense and arise without a specific stimulus.

What are basic emotions considered universal?

Anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.

What is emotional labor?

An employee's expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work.

What is the difference between felt emotions and displayed emotions?

Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions, while displayed emotions are those the organization requires workers to show.

What is surface acting in emotional labor?

Hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions, which can lead to emotional dissonance.

What is deep acting in emotional labor?

Trying to modify true inner feelings based on display rules.

What is the importance of the multiculturalism policy in Canada?

It values differences, minimizes discrimination, and enhances community participation for all citizens.

What demographic characteristic ranks first globally in educational attainment in Canada?

Near-full gender parity.

What is the rank of Canada in terms of wage equality for similar work?

Rank 49, with a score of 0.695.

What is the significance of intersectionality in workplace experiences?

It influences the lived experiences of workers with various biographical and demographic characteristics.

What are the positive areas of Canada's health and survival ranking?

Ranks 1st in sex ratio at birth and shows better results for women in healthy life expectancy.