Organic/Structure and bonding Reagents, Distinguishing & Reactions

H2 (with Pt, Ni catalyst or heat)

ADDITION - double bond breaks and adds 2 H

Br2

ADDITION - Alkanes to Haloalkanes (add two Br)

SUBSITION - Alkane to Haloalkane (two H is replaced by two Br)

Br2

Cl2

ADDITION - Alkenes to Haloalkanes (add two Cl)

HBr

ADDITION - Alkene to Haloalkane (Adds H and Br)

H+/H2O

ADDITION -Alkene to Alcohol (adds H and OH)

H+/MnO4-

ADDITION - Alkene to diol (two OH is added) this can also be considered as oxidation

H+ / MnO4-

OXIDATION - Alcohol to carboxylic acid (OH turns into COOH)

Turns secondary alcohol into ketone

Alcohol to Aldehyde

purple to colorless.

KOH(aq)

SUBSITION - haloalkane to alcohol (atom/group is swapped to OH)

PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2

SUBSITION - replaces OH with Cl

NH3(alc) or conc NH3

SUBSTITUTION - Haloalkane to amine (replaces Cl with NH2

Conc. H2SO4

ELIMINATION - Alcohol to alkene (one H and OH is removed and double bond is formed)

KOH(alc)

ELIMINATION - Haloalkane into alkene (group like Cl is removed and H and double bond is formed)

H+/Cr2O7^2-

OXIDATION - Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid (OH to COOH)

Alcohol to carboxylic acid (OH turns into COOH)

Turns secondary alcohol into ketone

Alcohol to Aldehyde

orange to green

FORMULA

NaBH4

dehydrating agent - degrades : COOH → CHO → OH OR CO (ketone) → OH (secondary)

H2O

COCL to COOH

COOH + OH

Ester

COCl + OH (extremely reactive)

Ester (acyl chloride)

Ca2Co3

Acid Base - Calcium Carbonate. turns COOH to COO- + Co2 + H2O

Na2CO3

Acid Base - Sodium Carbonate. COOH to COO- + CO2 + H2O

What needs to be present in a monomer

C=C double bond must be present in a ________

Polymer definition

monomers joint together without the double bond with ~ on both ends

Acidified Dichromate + Heat

Alcohol present (turns green) or stays orange if nothing (wording)

Damp Red Litmus

Amine present (turns blue) or stays red if nothing

Damp Blue Litmus

Carboxylic Acid present (turns red) stays blue if nothing

Acidified Permanganate + Heat

Alkene (to form diol) or Alcohol present (turns colourless) stay purple if nothing. (wording)

Bromine Water

Alkene present (colourless rapidly) or Alkane (colourless slowly in UV light) or stays orange if nothing

Sodium Carbonate Solution

Carboxylic Acid (fizz) or no fizz if nothing

Water Layers?

1 or 2 layer

Alcohol, Amine & Carboxylic Acid

1 layer

Alkene, Alkane, Alkyne & Haloalkane

2 Layers

Geometric Isomer

Each carbon must have different atoms attachede to it and a C=C double bond is present to prevent rotation for it to exist as ____ and must be attached to different atoms / groups.

Order of prefixes (meth, eth, etc)

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept, Oct

Chloro

Chlorine, Cl

Bromine

Bromo, Br

Fluorine

Fluoro, f

Iodine

Iodo, I

HOW to get acid base reaction?

Mix any acid and base together. Common for carboxylic acid to react with an amine

Acronym for Elimination reaction

EDNIE

E - equation

D - define (elimination)

N - number of products (if symmetrical one products if asymmetrical two product if one of each then one product)

I - identify major and minor products

E - Explain

Classification

Primary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to ONE CARBON

Secondary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to TWO CARBON

Tertiary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to THREE CARBON

Acronym for ADDITION

ESNIDE

E - Equation

S - Symmetry (If symmetrical one products if asymmetrical two product if one of each then one product)

N - number of products

I - Identify major and minor

D - Define (Addition)

E - Explain

Oxidation reaction

Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen

Addition reaction

A C=C double bond breaks and 2 atoms or group of atoms are then attached to the carbons

Substitution reaction

One atom or group of atoms is swapped for another

WHAT is Acid Base reaction

reaction that occurs between an acid and a base (acid gives H to the base)

Elimination reaction

When 2 atoms or group of atoms are removed and a C=C double bond is formed

Enantiomers AKA optical isomers

A molecule that has a chiral carbon (carbon attached to four different atoms/groups)

acronym for polarity

R - regions of electron density (negative charge)

S - shape of molecule

B - bond dipoles

B - bonding regions

D - dipoles cancel

VSEPR

R - regions of electron density

R - repulsion

S- shape

Acronym for types of solids

S - state the solid

S - structure

P - properties

Molar Mass

g mol^-1

Mass

grams, g

Energy

KJmol-1

moles

n, n=m/M

Acidified dichromate

orange to green, Cr2O7²-

Acidified Permanganate

purple to colourless, MnO4^-

Metallic Solid

ONLY metal

metallic atoms held by strong metallic forces and metallic atoms are surrounded by delocalised electrons that are free to move around the structure

molecular solid

ONLY non metals and not in the covalent list

made up of molecules held by weak intermolecular forces

Ionic

Metallic WITH non metal

made up ions which are permanent charge either + or - held by strong ionic forces

Covalent network

SiC, SiO2, C (Diamond), C (Graphite), Si

Carbon atoms. Held by strong covalent forces

Esterfication

COOH + OH → ester (can be done back to back)

COCL + OH → ester (cant be done back to back/ cant reverse)

CH3CH2COOH + HOCH3 → CH3CH2COOCH3

CH3CH2COCl + HOCH3 → CH3CH2COOCH3

Conc H2SO4 with heat

Hydrolysis

chemical reaction in which water molecule is added to break the chemical bonds.

A small molecule used to break a larger molecule into two smaller molecules

Condensation

Two large molecules join together to form a larger molecule with a smaller molecule being removed

What is Distillation

A method of separating substance by their boiling point

This allows the desired substance to be collected at its bp as soon as it forms

Process of distillation?

• Vaporization - liquid reaction mixture is heated in a still or flask. The component with the lowest bp (volatile) turns into vapor first

• Condensation - The vapor travels into a condenser - often cooled by circulating cold water - where it loses heat and changes back into a liquid

• Collection - the condensed liquid AKA distillate drips into the receiving flask. This distillate is the substance that we aimed to separate from the reaction mixture

What is Reflux

A method of obtaining high temperature needed for a reaction to occur and producing high rate of reaction

Process of Reflux?

• Heating - heating the reaction mixture inside the flask to its boiling point where the volatile (lowest bp) substance will vaporize first

• Vaporization and Condensation - as the reaction mixture boils, it turns into vapor and rises into the cool condenser. The cold surface cools down the vapor turning it back into a liquid

• Return flow - Condensed liquid drips back down into the original boiling flask

Hydrolysis - Acidic condition

COOH + OH and stays carboxylic acid and alcohol

Hydrolysis - Basic condition

COOH + OH → COONa OR COO-

basic conditions furthers the reaction for COOH with acid base reaction.

Purification process

1) Reaction mixture is heated (COOH & OH for esters) with conc H2SO4 (reflux)

2)Separating funnel is used & shaken forming ester layer & salt AND water layer

3) Sodium carbonate (Anhydrous) Na2CO3 is used as dehydrating agent removing water

4) Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 is used for neutralizing unreacted substance

5) Distillation happens

Distillation explanation WHOLE

Distillation is a method of separating substances according their bp, allowing the desired substance to be collected at its bp as soon as it forms. (product) is a volatile substance, a low bp collected by a reaction mixture with heat

Reflux explanation WHOLE

Reflux is a method of obtaining high temp needed for reaction to occur & producing a high rate of reaction. (product) is a volatile substance

Separating funnel

Separating funnel allows to separate two substances forming a top layer (product layer) & bottom layer (aqueous layer) due to insolubility

conc H2SO4 can be used for what reaction

Elimination, Esterification/Hydrolysis