Organic/Structure and bonding Reagents, Distinguishing & Reactions

H2 (with Pt, Ni catalyst or heat)

ADDITION - double bond breaks and adds 2 H

Br2

ADDITION - Alkanes to Haloalkanes (add two Br)

SUBSITION - Alkane to Haloalkane (two H is replaced by two Br)

Cl2

ADDITION - Alkenes to Haloalkanes (add two Cl)

HBr

ADDITION - Alkene to Haloalkane (Adds H and Br)

H+/H20

ADDITION -Alkene to Alcohol (adds H and OH)

H+/MnO4-

ADDITION - Alkene to diol (two OH is added) this can also be considered as oxidation

OXIDATION - Alcohol to carboxylic acid (OH turns into COOH) purple to colourless

KOH(aq)

SUBSITION - haloalkane to alcohol (atom/group is swapped to OH)

PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2

SUBSITION - replaces OH with Cl

NH3

SUBSTITUTION - alkane to amine (replaces H with NH2

Conc. H2SO4

ELIMINATION - Alcohol to alkene (one H and OH is removed and double bond is formed)

KOH(alc)

ELIMINATION - Haloalkane into alkene (group like Cl is removed and H and double bond is formed)

H+/Cr2O7^2

OXIDATION - Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid (OH to COOH) orange to green

Ca2Co3

Acid Base - Calcium Carbonate. turns COOH to COO- + Co2 + H2O

Na2CO3

Acid Base - Sodium Carbonate. COOH to COO- + CO2 + H2O

What needs to be present in a monomer

C=C double bond must be present in a ________

Polymer definition

monomers joint together without the double bond with ~ on both ends

Acidified Dichromate + Heat

Alcohol present (turns green) or stays orange if nothing

Damp Red Litmus

Amine present (turns blue) or stays red if nothing

Damp Blue Litmus

Carboxylic Acid present (turns red) stays blue if nothing

Acidified Permanganate + Heat

Alkene (to form diol) or Alcohol present (turns colourless) stay purple if nothing.

Bromine Water

Alkene present (colourless rapidly) or Alkane (colourless slowly in UV light) or stays orange if nothing

Sodium Carbonate Solution

Carboxylic Acid (fizz) or no fizz if nothing

Water Layers?

1 or 2 layer

Alcohol, Amine & Carboxylic Acid

1 layer

Alkene, Alkane, Alkyne & Haloalkane

2 Layers

Geometric Isomer

Each carbon must have different atoms attachede to it and a C=C double bond is present to prevent rotation for it to exist as a geometric isomer

Order of prefixes (meth, eth, etc)

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept, Oct

Chloro

Chlorine, Cl

Bromine

Bromo, Br

Fluorine

Fluoro, f

Iodine

Iodo, I

HOW to get acid base reaction?

Mix any acid and base together. Common for carboxylic acid to react with an amine

Acronym for Elimination reaction

EDNIE

E - equation

D - define (elimination)

N - number of products (if symmetrical one products if asymmetrical two product if one of each then one product)

I - identify major and minor products

E - Explain

Classification

Primary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to ONE CARBON

Secondary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to TWO CARBON

Tertiary Alcohol - Alcohol is connected to a carbon that is connected to THREE CARBON

Acronym for ADDITION

ESNIDE

E - Equation

S - Symmetry (If symmetrical one products if asymmetrical two product if one of each then one product)

N - number of products

I - Identify major and minor

D - Define (Addition)

E - Explain

Oxidation reaction

Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen

Addition reaction

A C=C double bond breaks and 2 atoms or group of atoms are then attached to the carbons

Substitution reaction

One atom or group of atoms is swapped for another

WHAT is Acid Base reaction

reaction that occurs between an acid and a base (acid gives H to the base)

Elimination reaction

When 2 atoms or group of atoms are removed and a C=C double bond is formed

acronym for polarity

R - regions of electron density (negative charge)

S - shape of molecule

B - bond dipoles

B - bonding regions

D - dipoles cancel

VSEPR

R - regions of electron density

R - repulsion

S- shape

Acronym for types of solids

S - state the solid

S - structure

P - properties

Molar Mass

g mol^-1

Mass

g

Energy

KJmol-1

moles

n, n=m/M

Acidified dichromate

orange to green, Cr2O7²-

Acidified Permanganate

purple to colourless, MnO4^-

Metallic Solid

ONLY metal

metallic atoms held by strong metallic forces and metallic atoms are surrounded by delocalised electrons that are free to move around the structure

molecular solid

ONLY non metals and not in the covalent list

made up of molecules held by weak intermolecular forces

Ionic

Metallic WITH non metal

made up ions which are permanent charge either + or - held by strong ionic forces

Covalent network

SiC, SiO2, C (Diamond), C (Graphite), Si

Carbon atoms. Held by strong covalent forces