Purposive Communication Essentials

Vocabulary flashcards summarizing key definitions, elements, models, types, effective skills, principles, ethics, and multicultural context of communication from Purposive Communication Essentials.

Communication

Derived from the Latin word communis (meaning common), it is the act or process of using words, signs, or behaviors to send and receive messages to exchange information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Sender (Source)

The person who encodes and sends the message to the expected receiver through an appropriate channel after stimulus from the referent.

Message

The content of communication that may contain verbal, nonverbal, or symbolic language.

Channel

The medium through which a message is sent or received between two or more people using sensory avenues (visual, auditory, tactile, combined).

Receiver (Decoder)

An individual or group intended to receive, decode, and interpret the message sent by the sender.

Feedback

A return message sent by the receiver to the sender, demonstrating that the primary message was understood and completing the two-way communication process.

Environment

Refers to the place, feeling, mood, mindset, and condition of both the sender and receiver.

Context

The expectations of the sender and receiver and the common or shared understanding established through environmental signals.

Interference

The barrier or block that prevents effective communication from taking place.

Psychological Barriers

A kind of interference caused by thoughts that hamper the transmission or interpretation of the message.

Physical Barriers

Interference caused by environmental factors such as competing stimuli, weather and climate, health, and ignorance of the medium.

Linguistic and Cultural Barriers

Interference resulting from language differences as well as cultural differences.

Mechanical Barriers

Interference originating from cellphones, laptops, and other technical gadgets used in communication.

Linear Communication Model

A one-way communication process where the sender encodes and transmits a message through a channel in the presence of noise without receiver feedback.

Aristotle Model of Communication

A widely accepted linear communication model focused mainly on the speaker and speech, divided into 5 elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect.

Lasswell’s Model of Communication

A 1948 action model created by Harold Dwight Lasswell describing communication through 5 Ws: Who, Says What, In Which Channel, To Whom, and With What Effect.

Berlo’s SMCR Model

Postulated in 1960 by David Berlo from the Shannon Weaver Model, it focuses on encoding and decoding across four components: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

Transactional Model

A circular model used for interpersonal communication where participants act simultaneously as senders and receivers (communicators), reversing roles as messages and feedback exchange.

Shannon and Weaver’s Model of Communication

Created in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver, also known as Information Theory or the 'mother of all models'.

Interactive Model

Also known as the convergence model, it features a two-way exchange of ideas and feedback between sender and receiver, characteristic of new web technologies.

Verbal Communication

Communication occurring through spoken or written words to convey specific meanings.

Nonverbal Communication

Communication occurring without words, using the five senses, body movements, posture, gestures, facial expressions, and silence.

Visual Communication

Communication using visual aids like signages, drawings, placards, illustrations, sign language, and symbolic objects.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication that takes place within oneself, also referred to as self-talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.

Interpersonal Communication

An interactive exchange taking place between individuals, ranging from simple greetings to ordinary conversation.

Extended Communication

Communication involving electronic media such as television, radio, conferencing tools, and digital technology to transmit messages rapidly.

Intercultural Communication

Communication between or among individuals with different linguistic, religious, ethnic, sex, social, and professional backgrounds.

Downward Communication

Formal organizational communication that flows from upper to lower positions, such as from supervisor to staff.

Upward Communication

Formal organizational communication flowing bottom-up from lower positions to higher positions, such as staff to supervisor.

Horizontal Communication

Lateral formal organizational communication between individuals at the same structural level but in different departments.

Crosswise Communication

Diagonal formal organizational communication taking place between different departments at various hierarchical levels.

Informal Organizational Communication

Communication coming from unofficial organizational channels, also known as 'grapevine' communication.

Effective Communication

A two-way process of sending the right message to the right person that produces the intended or desired outcome.

Listening

The absorption of the meanings of words and sentences by the brain, leading to the comprehension of facts and ideas.

The 7 Cs of Effective Communication

The core principles of effective communication comprising Correctness, Completeness, Clarity, Concreteness, Conciseness, Consideration, and Courtesy.

Consideration

A communication principle implying 'stepping into the shoes of others' by recognizing the audience's background, mindset, viewpoints, and educational level.

Communication Ethics

The notion that human beings are governed by moral principles that affect their communication, dealing with the moral good present in human interactions.

Local Communication

Communicating with members of a local area using a mother tongue or a common language spoken within a town.

Global Communication

Ways to connect, share, relate, and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural divides.

Culture

A system of thinking and acting taught and reinforced by a group of people, which shapes communication preferences and personal values.

Multicultural

Refers to a society containing several cultural or ethnic groups where people live alongside one another without necessarily having engaging interactions.

Intercultural

Describes communities in which there is deep understanding and mutual respect for all cultures.

Cross-Cultural

Deals with comparing different cultures where differences are understood and acknowledged to bring about individual change.

Generalizations (Cross-Cultural)

Patterns of communication typically used by most people within any specific cultural group.

Stereotypes (Cross-Cultural)

Cultural norms applied rigidly to every individual within a group.