CP: Module 1.1: Chronic Pulmonary Pathophysiology - Mechanical/Extrinsic Disorders

Obesity,

neuromuscular conditions,

chest wall deformities.

What causes extrinsic restrictive lung diseases?

Causes paradoxical chest movements—abdomen rises while chest sinks.

How does paralysis affect breathing?

Increases work of breathing due to less chest wall compliance and weaker muscles.

How does obesity affect breathing?

Shallow breathing with more rib cage movement and shorter exhalation.

What breathing pattern is common in obesity?

By 30-50%.

How much does obesity reduce respiratory compliance?

Inability to fully exhale, leading to dynamic hyperinflation.

What is expiratory flow limitation (EFL)?

Increase diaphragm activity and respiratory drive.

How do obese patients compensate for breathing load?

Pickwickian syndrome.

What is another name for OHS?

Chronically high CO2 levels (PaCO₂ > 45 mmHg).

What is a key sign of OHS?

Increases risk of atelectasis and lung infections, especially in males.

How does obesity affect pneumonia risk?

Upper airway collapse due to fat or muscle weakness.

What causes OSA?

Snoring,

daytime sleepiness,

poor sleep quality.

What are symptoms of OSA?

CPAP or BiPAP; weight loss helps.

How is OSA treated?

Obesity increases risk of OSA due to fat around the neck and airway.

What is the relationship between obesity and OSA?

High pressure in pulmonary arteries (>25 mmHg at rest).

What is PH?

Right heart catheterization.

How is PH diagnosed?

Dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, syncope, and signs of right heart failure.

What are symptoms of PH?

A rare, progressive type of PH with high mortality.

What is Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

Dyspnea on exertion.

What is the most common symptom of PAH?

No, but medications can reduce symptoms and improve function.

Is there a cure for PAH?

Prostacyclins, PDE-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor blockers.

What are some PAH medications?

Lung cancer.

What is the #1 cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S.?

Smoking (causes 80-90% of cases).

What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer?

Small cell and non-small cell.

What are the two main types of lung cancer?

Cough,

dyspnea,

hemoptysis,

chest pain,

weight loss,

night sweats.

What are common lung cancer symptoms?