Topic 4.1_ Thermoregulation & Basic Anatomy

Appropriate design

________ gives rise to proper function, and maintenance of homeostasis results in maximal efficiency of body functioning.

Thermoregulation

maintaining homeostasis regarding temperature

Ectotherm

organisms that obtain heat from their environment

endotherm

organisms that can also generate heat metabolically

torpor

period of inactivity aligned w/ variations in temperature

blubber

layer of fat that serves as an insulator

vasoconstriction

blood vessels in the skin constrict & get smaller

vasodilation

blood vessels in the skin expand & get bigger

concurrent exchange

exchange of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions

epithelial tissue function

lines body structures & cavities
forms protective, secretory, & absorptive coverings

connective tissue function

support

muscle tissue function

movement

nervous tissue

transmitting information

squamous epithelium

layer(s) of flattened cells

cuboidal epithelium

layer(s) of cubelike cells

columnar epithelium

layer(s) of tall, slender cells

loose connective tissue

fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen & elastin fibers that form a glycoprotein matrix

fibrous connective tissue

long rows of fibroblasts surrounded by collagen & elastin fibers in parallel bundles w/ a dense extracellular matrix

cartilage

chondrocytes embedded in a pliable, solid matrix of collagen & chondroitin sulfate

bone tissue

osteocytes in a matrix of collagen & hardened w/ hydroxyapatite

adipose tissue

large, tightly packed adipocytes w/ little extracellular matrix

blood

leukocytes, erythrocytes, & platelets suspended in plasma matrix

skeletal muscle

bundles of long cylindrical, striated, contractile cells (muscle fibers)

smooth muscle

contractile cells w/ tapered ends

cardiac muscle

cylindrical, striated cells that have specialized end junctions

nervous tissue

comprised of neurons & accessory cellS