Special Topics

Photosynthesis with/out oxygen?

Oxygenic and anoxygenic

wavelengths of light used

blue and red

Stacks of membrane sacks inside the cholorplast

Location of chlorophyll.

Holds proteins that contribute to photosynthesis

Location of Light Dependent reactions

Thylakoid

Light is the energy source

water is electron donor

oxygen byproduct

ATP/NADPH byproduct

Light dependent reactions

CO2 is carbon source

Sugar comes out

Light independent reactions

Transport of electrons through the membrane

electron transport

in light dependent reactions, protons are forced through the ATP-

synthase

The final electron acceptor of LD reactions

NADP

Enzyme in the calvin cycle

Rubisco

Rubisco does what function (converting C02 from inorganic to organic)

Carbon fixation

Rubisco cannot tell the difference between what : 

CO2 and O2

O2 used by Rubisco instead of CO2

photorespiration

Plant converts CO2 to C4 molecule to store it for later and prevent future photorespiration

C4 photosynthesis

plants with this type of photosynthesis are more susepteble to photorespiration 

C3 photosynthesis

plants adapted to dry environments and lower risk of photorespiration 

CAM 

Orchid genus covered in class

Stanhopea

Bees that coevolved with Stanhopea orchids

Euglossine Bees

sum of all reactions in a cell

Metabolism

specialized cells that puff or shrink/open or closes

Stomata

Glycolysis

breaking down sugar

How many pyruvates are produced in glycolysis?

2

Occurs when there is no oxygen present

fermentation

Products of fermentation

Ethanol and Lactic acid

Where does glycolysis take place? 

In the cytoplasm 

Fermentation is the recycling of: 

NADH

example of fermenting bacteria

lactobacillus

Citric Acid Cycle takes place in

the mitochondrian in the matrix

What does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) set the stage for?

Electron transport

Electron Transport is how cells make most of their

ATP

electron transport to make ATP takes place in the

inner mitochondrial membrane

final electron acceptor during metabolism/respiration

O2

Organisms that can live without oxygen and need another electron acceptor

Obligate anaerobes

example of obligate botulim

Clostridium botulinum

Carbohydrates, Nucleic acid, proteins, lipids

biomolecules

living cells need () to build biomolecules

Nitrogen

parts of proteins that contain nitrogen

aminoacids

what form of N2 can NOT be used by most living organisms?

Gas

Process of converting N2 gas into a useable form of Nitrogen for organisms

Nitrogen fixation 

Bacteria that can fix Nitrogen

Rhizobium

enzyme that fixes Nitrogen

Nitrogenase

German process that produced ammonium nitrate

Haber- Bosch

in the roots of plants, are nodulators

Symbionts

How much ATP used per N2? 

16

percentage of plant ATP used by bacteria

20%

Nitrogen relies on what type of cofactors?

metal

specialized cells to keep O2 away and allow nitrogenase to fix N2

heterocysts

interaction between bacteria and plant

creates nodules

Nodulation

zone directly around plant root

certain bacteria colonize the plant and influence growth

includes non nodulators

Rhizosphere

Nitrogenase is repressed when: 

other Nitrogen is around

too high or low pH

temperature

low P, Mo, Fe

high salt

factors that reduce nitrogenase function 

manure, urine, decay

urea

process of turning Urea (organic) to ammonIUM

Mineralization

Process ammonIUM being converted to nitrATE by organisms like nitrosomonas and nitrobacter

Nitrification

Process when anaerobes convert nitrATE back into a gas form of N2

denitrification 

Losing Nitrogen when ammonIUM is converted to ammonIA

volatilization 

Nitrogen escapes soil and goes into waterways, causing algal blooms

Leaching

nitrate and ammonium taken by microbes, becoming unavailable to plants

Immobilization 

Bacteria that converts ammonIUM to nitrITE

Nitrosomas

Bacteria that converts nitrITE to nitrATE

Nitrobater