chapters 5-8 apush final review

“Olive Branch Petition” (c5)

a conciliatory appeal to the king, hoping to find a middle ground between the two poles. The British Government rejected it.

Common Sense (c5)

an impassioned pamphlet that arrived in January of 1776. It kick-started the growing support for independence.

Thomas Paine (c5)

the author of Common Sense, who had emigrated from England to America, where he barely survived the journey. His pamphlets included the developing ideals of the United States. He proved a brilliant success as a Revolutionary propagandist, and his pamphlet helped change the American outlook toward the war. He wanted to turn the anger of Americans away from specific parliamentary measures they were resisting and more toward what he considered the root of the problem–the English Constitution. He argued that Americans should continue to blame their problems on particular ministers, and for simple common sense for Americans to break completely with a government that could produce a corrupt monarch.

Declaration of Independence (c5)

a resolution adopted by Congress that stated: "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." Congress soon approved it, which provided the formal justifications for the actions of the delegates that had been taken earlier.

Thomas Jefferson (c5)

a delegate from Virginia who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence. According to Adams, he said little in the document that was new. He borrowed ideas from prior declarations drawn up in various groups, such as the Sons of Liberty.

American Advantages/ Disadvantages (c5)

The Americans had the advantage of fighting on their ground, and the patriots were deeply committed to the conflict. Americans also had the benefit of aid from abroad. However, it was difficult for Americans to create a new army and new government while trying to fight in the war.

Evacuation Day (c5)

_______ occurred on March 17, 1776, and is still celebrated today in Boston. During this date, the British departed Boston for Halifax in Nova Scotia with hundreds of Loyalist Refugees. Less than one year after the firing of the first shots, the Massachusetts colonists had driven the British (temporarily) from American soil.

John Burgoyne (c5)

a young British officer who secured command of the northern force and planned a two-pronged attack along both the Mohawk and the upper Hudson approaches to Albany.

Horatio Gates (c5)

He replaced Schuyler and now commanded American forces in the North after the capture of Fort Ticonderoga.

Saratoga (c5)

Due to Burgoyne being short of materials and with all help cut off, he fought several engagements and then withdrew to _______, New York, where Gates surrounded him.

Lord Cornwallis (c5)

Clinton's choice as British commander in the South. He moved inland to Camden and crushed a Patriot force under Horatio Gates.

Nathanael Greene (c5)

a Quaker and a former blacksmith from Rhode Island. He was the ablest of all American generals of the time next to Washington. He got the position of general after Congress recalled Gates and Washington gave the southern command to _______.

Yorktown (c5)

Due to Clinton being concerned for the army's safety, Cornwallis retreated to _______ and began to build fortifications there.

Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau (c5)

the commander of the French expeditionary force in America. He, alongside Washington and Grasse, set out to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown. He marched a French American Army from New York City to join other French forces under Lafayette in Virginia.

Ordinance of 1784 (c5)

based on a proposal by Thomas Jefferson. It divided the western territory into ten self

Ordinance of 1785 (c5)

In the _______, Congress created a system for surveying and selling the Western lands. The territory north of the Ohio River was to be surveyed and marked off into neat rectangular townships, each divided into thirty

Northwest Ordinance (c5)

Criticisms of the Ohio & Scotia land policies created another law governing Western settlement

Daniel Shays (c5)

a former captain in the Continental army. He issued a set of demands that included paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, the relocation of the state capital from Boston to the interior, and the abolition of imprisonment for debt.

Shaysites (c5)

followers of _______ who concentrated on preventing the collection of debts, private or public, and used force to keep courts from sitting and sheriffs from selling confiscated property.

Shays’s Rebellion (c5)

A rebellion that began after members of the Boston legislature, including Samuel Adams, denounced Shays and his men as rebels and traitors. When winter came, the rebels advanced on Springfield, hoping to seize weapons from the arsonal there. Soon after, an army of state militiamen set out to Boston to confront them. In January of 1787, this army met _______’s band and ended the rebellion. Overall, it added urgency to the movement to produce a new, national constitution.

Alexander Hamilton (c6)

a political genius, New York Lawyer, and one-time military aid to George Washington.

Articles of Confederation (c6)

Hamilton had been upset with the _______ and the weak central government they created. A convention was held to overhaul the entire document.

James Madison (c6)

an important ally to Alexander Hamilton. He persuaded the Virginia legislature to convene an interstate conference on commercial questions.

Constitutional Convention (c6)

a special assembly of the people that would meet only to write the constitution and never (except under extraordinary circumstances) meet again. The meeting gained immediate credibility once Washington left his home in Virginia to go to the _______ in Philadelphia.

Virginia Plan (c6)

established by James Madison. It called for a new national legislature consisting of two houses: Members of the Upper house of the _______ were to be elected by the lower house under no rigid system of representation thus some of the smaller states might at times have no members in the upper house. In the lower house of the _______, the states would be represented in proportion to their population thus ensuring the larger state (Virginia) would have about ten times as many representatives as the smallest (Delaware).

New Jersey Plan (c6)

created by William Paterson when he proposed a federal, rather than national government. The plan would preserve the existing one

Three fifths compromise (c6)

the idea that each enslaved person would count as ?ths of a free person in determining the basis for both representative and direct taxation. It was based on the false assumption that an enslaved person was ?ths as productive as a free worker and thus contributed only ?ths as much wealth to the state.

“Separation of powers” (c6)

The constitution's most distinctive feature was its "_______" within the government.

“Checks and balances” (c6)

The constitution created the "_______" among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It is a system that ensures that no particular branch of government gains too much power over another.

“Federalists” (c6)

Supporters of the constitution called themselves "_______"—the term that opponents of centralization had once used to describe themselves—thus implying that they were less committed to a "nationalist" government than they were. (Hamilton)

John Jay (c6)

one of the ablest political philosophers of his time. He supported the Federalists.

Antifederalists

those who were opposed to the Constitution. The Federalists feared that the _______ might succeed in several crucial states, such as New York.

The Federalist Papers (c6)

The essays written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison were later issued as a book and known today as _______. They are seen as one of the most important American contributions to political theory.

John Adams (c6)

those who were opposed to the Constitution. The Federalists feared that the Antifederalists might succeed in several crucial states, such as New York.

Judiciary Act of 1789 (c6)

In this act, Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members, with a chief justice and five associate justices, ; thirteen district courts with one judge apiece and three circuit courts of appeal. In this act as well, Congress gave the Supreme Court the power to make the final decision in cases involving the constitutionality of state laws.

Federalists (Federalist Party) (c6)

The centralizers became known as the _______ and gravitated toward the leadership of Alexander Hamilton.

Republicans (Republican Party) (c6)

the opponents of the Federalists, who gathered under the leadership of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

“Funding” the debt/“at par” (c6)

The policy of exchanging certificates of indebtedness for bonds was known as "_______" the debt.

“Assume” state debts (c6)

Hamilton also recommended that the federal government "_______", or take over, the debts the state accumulated during the revolution. This assumption policy would encourage state as well as federal bondholders to look to the central government for eventual payment.

Excise tax (c6)

new tax that Hamilton proposed. It was an excuse to be paid by distillers of alcoholic liquors, a tax that would fall most heavily on the whiskey distillers in the backcountry, especially in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina

Bank of the United States (c6)

began operations in 1791, under a charter that granted it the right to continue for twenty years. The bank quickly restored public credit the bonds of the United States were soon selling at home and abroad at prices even above their face value. Speculators also gained large profits. Manufacturers profited from the tariffs, and merchants in the seaports benefited from the new banking system.

French Revolution/ Revolution of 1789 (c6)

The reactions to the _______ by the Federalists and Republicans were very different. The Federalists expressed horror at the overthrow of the monarchy, the execution of the king and queen, and its attacks on organized religion. However, the Republicans appealed to the democratic spirit they felt the French Revolution embodied.

Whiskey Rebellion (c6)

began when farmers in Western Philadelphia refused to pay a _______ tax and terrorized stamp collectors. Washington then created an army of nearly 15,000 troops. Once the militiamen approached Pittsburgh's center of resistance, the rebellion quickly collapsed.

Neutrality Act (c6)

Through all of his actions, Genet was brazenly ignoring Washington's policies and violating the _______ . Washington eventually demanded that the French government recall him, but by then Genet's party was out of power in France.

Jay’s Treaty (c6)

settled the conflict with Britain and helped prevent what had seemed likely to become a war between the two nations. It established undisputed American sovereignty over the entire Northwest. It also produced a reasonably satisfactory commercial relationship with Britain, whose trade was important to the U.S. Jay created this treaty because he was instructed to secure compensation for the recent British assaults on American shipping and to demand the withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts.

Pinckney’s Treaty (c6)

Under _______ , Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans for reloading on oceangoing ships agreed to fix the Northern boundary of Florida where Americans always insisted it should be, along the 31st paralleland required Spanish authorities to prevent the Native Americans in Florida from launching raids across the border.

Prince Talleyrand (c6)

When the Americans arrived in Paris, three agents of the foreign minister, _______, demanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before any negotiations could begin. Pinckney responded "No! No! Not a sixpence!"

“XYZ Affair” (c6)

When Adams heard of the incident in France, he sent a message to Congress denouncing the French insults and urging preparation for war. He then turned the report of American commissioners over to Congress, after deleting the names of the three french agents, and designating them only "Messrs. X, Y, and Z." When the report was published, it created widespread popular outrage at France's actions and strong support for the Federalists response. For nearly two years after the "affair", the United States found itself engaged in an undeclared war with France.

Quasi War (c6)

occurred when Adams persuaded Congress to cut off all trade with France and to authorize American vessels to capture French

Alien Act (c6)

an act designed by the Federalists to silence the Republican opposition. The Act placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens, and it strengthened the president's hand in dealing with ____.

Sedition Act (c6)

an act designed by the Federalists to silence the Republican opposition. The act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in "_____" against the government.

Virginia Resolutions (c6)

used the ideas of John Locke to argue that the federal government had been formed by a "compact" and possessed only certain delegated powers.

Kentucky Resolutions (c6)

used the ideas of John Locke to argue that the federal government had been formed by a "compact" and possessed only certain delegated powers. The resolution claimed that if the central government had exceeded its powers, the states had the right to "nullify" the appropriate laws.

Judiciary Act of 1801 (c6)

By the ________, passed by the lame duck Congress, the Federalists reduced the number of Supreme Court Justice Ships by one but greatly increased the number of federal judgeships as a whole. Due to this, Adams quickly appointed Federalists to the newly created positions.

“Midnight appointments” (c6)

There were some charges that Adams stayed up until Midnight on his last day in office to finish signing the new judges' commissions. These officeholders became known as the "___________."

“Revolution of 1800” (c6)

The way that the Republicans viewed their future and the importance they attributed to the Federalists defeat was evident in the phrase Jefferson used to describe the election: the "_______."

Thomas Jefferson (c7)

__________ was the 3rd president of the United States. He believed that Native Americans were "noble savages" and hoped that schooling in white culture would tame and "uplift" Native Americans.

Deism (c7)

_______ had originated among Enlightenment philosophers in France. Deists accepted the existence of God but considered God a remote being who, after having created the universe, had withdrawn from direct involvement with the human race and its sins.

Second Great Awakening (c7)

The start of the _________ was due to the efforts of conservative theologians of 1790 to fight the spread of religious rationalism and to encourage church establishments to revitalize their organizations

Peter Cartwright (c7)

__________ was a methodist circuit-riding preacher who won national fame as he traveled from region to region exhorting his listeners to embrace the church. However, he was unprepared for the religious frenzy that occurred.

Samuel Slater (c7)

__________ used the knowledge he had acquired before leaving England to build a spinning mill for the Quaker merchant Moses Brown in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1790. It was the first modern factory in America.

Robert Fulton (c7)

____________ was an inventor who is responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the nation.

Clermont (c7)

The _______ was a steamboat created by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston. The boat, equipped with paddle wheels and an English

Albert Gallatin (c7)

_________ was the Secretary of the Treasury who drastically reduced government spending, cutting the already small staff of the executive departments to minuscule levels.

Judicial review (c7)

The Supreme Court itself had actually exercised the power of ________ in 1796 when it upheld the validity of a law passed by the legislature.

Marbury v. Madison (c7)

The case between _______ and _______ began when James Madison refused to hand over the commission to ______. _______ then appealed to the Supreme Court for an order directing Madison to perform his official duty. In the historic ruling, the court found that Marbury had a right to his commission but that the court had no authority to order _______ to deliver it.

John Marshall (c7)

_________ was the Chief Justice of the United States at the time of the ruling. He was one of the towering figures in the history of American law. He was a leading Federalist and prominent Virginia lawyer and served as Adam’s secretary of state. Marshall was quickly established as a dominant figure on the court, shaping all its most important rulings, including Marbury v.Madison. Through several Republican administrations, he established the judiciary as a branch of government coequal with the executive and the legislature.

Samuel Chase (c7)

_________ was a Supreme Court Justice and a highly partisan Federalist. Although he had committed no crime, the Republicans targeted him for impeachment.

Franco-American settlement of 1800 (c7)

The American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, worked to secure ratification of the ____________. (ends the Quasi war)

Louisiana/Louisiana Purchase (c7)

It was up to Monroe and Livingston to decide whether they should purchase the entire _______ territory, since they had not been authorized by their government to do so. After haggling over the price, they signed an agreement. By the terms of the treaty, The United States was to pay a total of 80 million francs ($15 million) to the French government. The United States was also to grant certain exclusive commercial privileges to France in the port of New Orleans and was to incorporate the residents of Louisiana into the Union with the same rights and privileges as the other citizens. The boundaries of the purchase were not clearly defined. The treaty simply specified that _______ would occupy the "same extent" as it had when France and Spain had owned it.

Loose construction (c7)

Once Jefferson's advisors persuaded him that his treaty-making power would justify the purchase of Louisiana, he said: "that the good sense of our country will correct the evil of _______ when it shall produce ill effects."

General James Wilkinson (c7)

______________ was the commissioner of the United States when the French assumed formal control of Louisiana from Spain just long enough to hand over the territory to the General.

“Essex Junto” (c7)

The "_________" were a group of extreme Federalists from Massachusetts. They concluded that the only recourse for New England was to secede from the union and form a separate "Northern Territory."

“Impressment” (c7)

Victims of "____________" were American sailors who were seized off the decks by British ships.

“The Embargo” of 1807 (c7)

In an effort to prevent future incidents that might bring the nation to the brink of war, Congress enacted a drastic measure known as "_______." It prohibited American ships from leaving the United States for any foreign port anywhere in the world. "_______" of ____ only created much economic hardship for people and induced a depression.

“Peaceable coercion” (c7)

Due to the embargo being a growing political liability, Jefferson decided to back down. A few days before leaving office, he approved a bill ending his experiment with what he called "________."

Non Intercourse Act (c7)

To replace the Embargo, Congress passed the _______, which reopened trade with all nations but Great Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (c7)

A year later after it was acted, Congress allowed the Non-intercourse Act to expire and replaced it with Macon's Bill No.2, which conditionally reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France.

William Henry Harrison (c7)

__________ was already a veteran of Native American conflicts and became a congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory at age 26. He was largely responsible for the Harrison land law.

Tecumseh (c7)

_________ was an important leader who emerged to oppose Harrison in the conflict between Native Americans and white Americans.

Tenskwatawa (c7)

___________ was a charismatic religious leader and orator known as "the prophet." He had experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism. Having felt as though he freed himself from what he considered the evil effects of white culture, he began to speak to his people of the superior virtues of Native American civilization and the sinfulness and corruption of the white world. In the process, he inspired a religious revival that spread through numerous tribes and helped unite them.

Battle of Tippecanoe (c7)

Tecumseh left Prophetown and traveled down the Mississippi to visit Native American nations in the South, hoping to persuade them to join the alliance. During his absence, Harrison camped near Prophetstown with 1,000 soldiers. He then provoked an attack. The white forces suffered losses just as heavy as those of the Native Americans, however, Harrison was able to drive off the native Americans and burn the town. This battle disillusioned many of the Prophet's followers, who had believed that his magic would protect them. Not long after Tecumseh's return, the Native Americans were raiding white settlements and terrifying white settlers.

Oliver Hazard Perry (c7)

Thanks to ____________, American forces were able to seize control of Lake Erie. He engaged and dispersed a British fleet at Put

Battle of Put-in Bay

American forces were able to seize control of Lake Erie through the work of Perry, who engaged and dispersed a British fleet at ____________. This made possible another invasion of Canada by way of Detroit, which Americans could now reach easily by water.

Battle of Thames (c7)

The ____________ occurred when the American commander in the west, William Henry Harrison, pushed up the Thames River into upper Canada and won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. The battle weakened and disheartened the Native Americans of the Northwest and greatly diminished their ability to defend their claims to the region.

Andrew Jackson (c7)

____________ was a wealthy Tennessee planter and a general in the state militia. He temporarily abandoned plans for an invasion of Florida and set off in pursuit of them. The battle of Horseshoe Bend won Jackson a commission as a major general in the United States Army.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (c7)

During the ____________, Jackson's men took revenge on the Native Americans, and did so by slaughtering women and children along with warriors, and broke the resistance of the creek. The creek agreed to cede most of its land to the United States and retreated Westward.

Bladensburg (c7)

During England's plan to invade the United States, a British armada sailed up the Patuxent River from Chesapeake Bay and landed an army that marched a short distance overland to __________, on the outskirts of Washington, where it dispersed a poorly trained force of American militiamen.

Fort McHenry (c7)

Baltimore Harbor was guarded by __________.

Francis Scott Key (c7)

__________ was a Washington lawyer who was on board one of the British ships trying to secure the release of an American prisoner and watched the bombardment. The next morning, he could see the flag on the fort still flying and recorded his pride by scribbling down a poem. His words were soon set to the tune of an old English drinking song, and became known as the "Star

“The Star Spangled Banner” (c7)

The Star-Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key when he noticed the flag on Fort McHenry still flying. His poem was then paired with the tune of an old Drinking song. In 1931, it became the official national anthem.

Battle of New Orleans (c7)

In the south, a formidable array of British veterans, fresh from the campaign against the French in Spain, landed below __________ and prepared to advance north up the Mississippi. Andrew Jackson awaited the British with a collection of Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Creoles, African Americans, pirates, and regular army troops. Eventually the British advanced, but their exposed forces were no match for Jackson's men. After the Americans had repulsed several waves of attackers, the British finally retreated.

Hartford Convention (c7)

The __________ occurred when delegates from the New England states met in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss their grievances. Those who favored secession at the convention were outnumbered by a comparatively moderate majority. Although the Conventions report only hinted at secession, it reasserted the right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution. The failure of the secession effort was a virtual death blow to the Federalist party.

Treaty of Ghent (c7)

The __________, named after the Dutch city it was signed in, was signed Christmas eve 1814, and consisted of a series of negotiations. In the negotiations, The Americans gave up their demand for a British renouncement of impressment and for the cession of Canada to the United States. The British abandoned their call for the creation of a Native American buffer state in the Northwest.

Rush Bagot Agreement (c7)

The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 provided for mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes. Eventually the Canadian-American boundary became the longest "unguarded frontier" in the world.

Tariff of 1816 (c8)

In 1816, protectionists in Congress won the passage of a tariff law that effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, the most important being cotton cloth. There were some objections from agricultural interests, who would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods as a result, but the dream of creating an important American industrial economy prevailed.

James Monroe (c8)

In 1815, with a warlike experience in mind, President __________ called the attention of Congress to the "great importance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can be best executed under the national authority." He also suggested that a constitutional amendment would resolve any doubts about Congress's authority to provide for their constitution.

“Era of Good Feelings” (c8)

In New England, Monroe was greeted everywhere with enthusiastic demonstrations. The Columbian Centinel, which was a Federalist newspaper in Boston, observed that an “era of good feelings” had arrived while commenting on the “Presidential Jubilee.” On the surface, it did appear to be an __________.

Adams Onis Treaty (c8)

Under the provisions of the __________ of 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave up as well its claim to the territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up its claims to Texas.

James Tallmadge Jr./Tallmadge Amendment (c8)

__________ was a representative of New York. He proposed an amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that would prohibit the further introduction of enslaved people into Missouri and provide for the gradual emancipation of of those already there. The Tallmadge Amendment provoked a controversy that raged for the next two years.