AMH 2020 Test #1

Under new President Andrew Johnson, presidential Reconstruction

pardoned many prominent Confederate leaders and allowed them to assume political office.

What is one way that southern states defied Johnson's plan?

They passed a series of restrictive black codes.

Which of the following statements about the Fourteenth Amendment is most accurate?

It automatically made African Americans citizens of the United States.

Why was a second Congressional Reconstruction Act put into place?

Southerners didn't want to follow the provisions, so a second act forced military commanders to put things in motion.

Who were the carpetbaggers?

White Republicans originally from the North who wanted to make it rich on the spoils of war

In what way did state governments try to support the ailing southern economy?

By encouraging industrial developments, such as railroads and manufacturing

Corruption during Reconstruction

also occurred in the North, as evidenced by the Tweed Ring in New York City.

One measure of black efforts to strengthen the family unit was

the insistence that black women not work in the fields.

Which of the following statements about sharecropping is the most accurate?

It was a means for black farmers to work on land they leased from whites in return for an equal share of the crop at the end of the year.

The Freedmen's Bureau was created to

supervise the transition from slavery to freedom on southern plantations.

The end of the Freedmen's Bureau signaled that the

North was retreating from Reconstruction.

Southern Democrats obtained their power by

All of these answers are correct.

The Mississippi Plan

was a Democratic plan to use as much violence as necessary to carry the 1875 state elections.

As outlined in his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction of December, 1863, Lincoln would allow southern states to organize new governments when what percentage of the qualified voters from 1860 took an oath of loyalty to the Union?

10 percent

The Reconstruction terms that Andrew Johnson offered to the southern states in 1865 included which of the following provisions?

White southerners who owned more than $20,000 in property would need to seek individual pardons before regaining their full rights.

What was the primary intent of the black codes passed by southern states in 1865 and 1866?

To keep black southerners as second-class citizens and landless farm workers

What was the most important provision of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Establishing that African Americans and all other persons born or naturalized in the United States were American citizens

The four Reconstruction Acts passed by Congress between March 1867 and March 1868 did all the following except

restore all former Confederates' rights to vote and to hold office.

Andrew Johnson narrowly avoided conviction on impeachment charges because

some Republicans hesitated to use impeachment as a political weapon.

The reforms enacted during Radical Reconstruction included all the following except

the banning of segregation in railroads and other public facilities.

The only major organizations in the South that African Americans controlled themselves were

churches.

The Fifteenth Amendment did all the following except

unite the women's right movement behind a common cause.

Due to the actions of Grant's administration, the term Grantism became a code word for

political corruption.

Northern disillusionment with Reconstruction stemmed from all the following causes except the

absence of pronounced violence and disorder in the South.

Disputes over the election of 1876 were resolved by the Compromise of 1877 in which

Republicans agreed to withdraw troops from southern states in return for a pledge from Democrats to respect

black Americans' rights.

Which of the following best describes why southern poverty persisted?

the South's late start in industrializing its economy

What stood at the center of southern life as a stabilizer of social order?

church

To what does the term "Jim Crow" refer?

a system of legalized separation of blacks as socially inferior

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

established the concept of "separate but equal."

Before the Civil War, white "overlanders" set their sights on what region of North America?

Oregon and California

What did John Wesley Powell, who became the head of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1880, decide was the West's key resource for successful development?

water

The Dawes Act of 1887 proved destructive because it

attacked the communal structure of tribal life.

General Custer's expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota

spread rumors of gold to encourage whites to migrate to the region.

On the Great Plains, what disrupted the migratory patterns of the buffalo and thus the patterns of the hunt?

railroads

In 1890 what became the final act of violence against an independent Indian way of life when the cavalry killed some 300 men,

women, and children during a Native American ceremony?

Wounded Knee

The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended in part because

severe weather conditions and overgrazing wiped out many ranchers.

Under the Homestead Act of 1862, government land could be bought for $1.25 an acre or claimed free if a homesteader worked it for _____ years.

5

What popular show reenacted famous frontier events and performed daring feats to audiences both in the United States and worldwide?

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

The Exodusters were African Americans from the South who sought a new and better life in which state?

Kansas

What was the main goal of Henry Grady's campaign to create a "New South"?

gifts of public lands

Sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of poverty and debt for all the following reasons except

their insistence on growing foodstuff for their own tables instead of profitable cash crops.

Which of the following factors contributed least to the impoverishment of the South?

to break up large plantations into self-sufficient farmsteads

The main political goal of Redeemers was to

put an end to Republican rule.

The primary function of Jim Crow laws was to

separate the races in most public places.

Native Americans in the West exhibited all the following characteristics except

a refusal to tamper with the natural environment or hunt more than they could eat.

John Wesley Powell unsuccessfully petitioned for which innovation in western settlement?

the treatment of scarce water reserves as communal property

The primary purpose of the Dawes Act was to

parcel out tribal lands among individual Indians and sell the leftover land to whites.

The hardships of farmers on the Plains included all the following except the

limited availability of cheap land on the Plains.

By 1900, almost all the domestic steamship lines in America were owned by

railroad companies.

Corporations of the late-nineteenth century exhibited all the following features except

they made stockholders personally responsible for corporate debts.

How would you characterize the role of government in labor disputes like the Great Railroad Strike and the Pullman

strike?

actively sympathetic to the concerns of management

How would you describe the way the railroad companies made informal agreements among one another to set prices and to share profits?

pooling

It was an essential system undergirding the rise of big business; it was itself big business; it was a stimulus to other enterprises because it consumed so many natural resources. It was

the railroad system.

Most of the immigrants who came to the United States in search of jobs in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries came from

Europe.

On which of the following issues did Samuel Gompers and Terence Powderly agree?

Workers should be allowed to work fewer hours per day.

Rockefeller and Carnegie employed all the following measures while developing their industrial empires except

charging customers exorbitant prices.

The attorneys for Standard Oil created a new business structure called the

trust.

The first nationwide strike took place in 1877 and primarily involved which industry?

railroads

The managerial revolution that allowed companies to organize tens of thousands of workers, contributing to the

rise of a new managerial elite, first developed in which industry?

railroads

What does the text mean by asserting that certain jobs were "feminized"?

Males tended to no longer pursue certain professional occupations once women entered them in significant numbers.

What economic term is used to describe when one company gains control of two or more stages of a business operation?

vertical integration

What impact do you think that the development of the large, modern industrial corporation had on class segmentation?

It allowed for the concentration of capital in the hands of an elite class.

What was a key factor in Andrew Carnegie's success?

All of these answers are correct.

What was the central difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

The Knights wanted "one big union," while the AFL organized skilled craftsmen only.

What was the most important downside of big business, according to critics?

t created an enormous and unfair divide between rich and poor.

What was the most important result of the development of railroads, the telegraph and telephone, and other transportation and communications advances?

the establishment of integrated national market

Which act gave the government the power to break up trusts and other big businesses?

Sherman Antitrust Act

Which factor was most important in enabling natural resource extraction and conversion to take off in the nineteenth century?

New technologies made mass production possible.

Which form of business ownership has the advantages of limited liability and a large revenue base, and can outlive its owners?

corporation

Which of the following examples best exemplifies the model of vertical integration?

a company that controls the raw materials, the production, and the distribution of an item

Which of the following factors was not a crucial element of the new industrial order of the late-nineteenth century?

the end of corporations' dependence on outside investment for most of their capital

Which of the following statements about the railroad industry in the late-nineteenth century is most accurate?

Investment bankers gained a strong, sometimes commanding, influence over many railroad companies.

Which of the following was the result of industrialization?

loss of free time, job satisfaction, and power for the workers

A new innovation in housing that ended up making slum conditions worse was the

dumbbell tenement.

What was the most important difference between the immigrants who arrived in the United States before the 1880s and those who arrived after?

Later immigrants were more likely to hail from southern and eastern Europe.

How did industrialization change settlement patterns in American cities?

It reversed the order of settlement, as the wealthy moved to the outskirts.

Which is NOT true of political machines?

They convinced city-dwellers that government should not be trusted to help the needy.

A new experiment in providing social services to slum-dwellers featured centers where middle-class women lived among the poor, providing amenities, and teaching American ways to immigrants. This experiment was called the

settlement house.

Ministers who attempted to improve the lives of the poor preached

the Social Gospel.

Victorianism emerged

as part of an effort to tame a turbulent society.

What might have been behind the new emphasis on manliness and fitness present among the middle class?

class and race anxiety

What trend characterized cities of the late-nineteenth century and early-twentieth century?

increasing stratification by class

Which of the following did Victorianism not stress?

sexual openness

The Comstock Law was designed to do what?

ban certain items from the mail

Why did the public education system explode in the late-nineteenth century?

the need for individuals with technical and managerial know-how

Trends in education in the late-nineteenth century included all except

city girls and boys attended school together for most of the workday.

The traveling circus

simultaneously reinforced and subverted social conventions.

The "new" immigrants, who constituted the largest group of migrants to the United States in the last decade

of the nineteenth century, came primarily from

eastern and southern Europe.

New immigrants were drawn to the United States for all the following reasons except

America's generous federal welfare program.

The average "new" immigrant was

between the ages of 15 and 40.

Thanks in part to a devastating fire in 1871, which city became the site of many new skyscrapers such as the Reliance Building?

Chicago

Which of James E. Ware's innovations, initially hailed as a reform, ended up making slum conditions worse than they had been?

the dumbbell tenement

Which of the following statements about urban political machines is least accurate?

They were exclusively associated with the Democratic party.

The actions of political bosses were partly responsible in their own right for what political innovation?

showing that the government could provide services to the needy

The Congregationalist Josiah Strong exemplified which movement, that gained strength in the 1880s and 1890s

in response to economic depressions?

nativism

Generally, compared to native-born Americans, working-class immigrants were more likely to

have more children.

Anthony Comstock became famous for his

campaign against pornography.

Why did William McKinley hesitate to go to war with Spain?

the probability of large losses for American businesses

Why did the United States go to war against Spain?

to protect American business interests in Cuba

Which American statesman advocated expansion of American trade and influence southward into Central and South America?

James Blaine