from PPT and pics

•a. Tunica Fibrosa ; cornea and sclera

•b.tunica vasculosa (uvea): iris, ciliary body and choriod

•c. Tunica nervosa: retina

·        concentric tunics of the eyeball

Moraxella bovis. commonly cause pink eye in bovine

Philophthalmus: Trematode eye fluke of wild birds (Philophthalmidae)

Toxoplasma gondii: Protozoan; cats are the definitive host and may shed unsporulated oocysts in feces for 1–3 weeks.

Ocular toxoplasmosis signs: Retinochoroiditis is a hallmark; may also cause cataract/lens cloudiness, uveitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, microphthalmia, and optic atrophy.

Ocular toxoplasmosis signs: ________ is a hallmark; may also cause _____/lens _______, uveitis, _______, endophthalmitis, ______, and optic atrophy.

Herpesvirus

Herpesvirus: Can manifest as eye infections; canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) may cause acute ocular disease in adults, and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) causes feline viral rhinotracheitis with conjunctivitis/ocular problems.

Herpesvirus spread: Mainly through respiratory droplets; signs often involve upper respiratory/mucosal surfaces plus ocular disease.

Herpesvirus: Can manifest as ___ infections; _____ ______-1 (CHV-1) may cause acute ocular disease in adults, and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) causes feline viral rhinotracheitis with conjunctivitis/ocular problems.

Herpesvirus spread: Mainly through ______ droplets; signs often involve upper respiratory/mucosal surfaces plus ocular disease.

Mycoses

Mycoses: Fungal disease may be superficial or systemic and can involve skin, respiratory tract, nervous system, eyes, bones, and other tissues.

Mycoses: _____ disease may be _____ or systemic and can involve skin, respiratory tract, nervous system, eyes, bones, and other tissues.

Superficial mycosis

Dermatophytosis/ringworm causes hair loss, scaling, and circular lesions.

Systemic mycoses: Blastomycosis can affect lungs, eyes, skin, and bones; histoplasmosis may disseminate in cats; coccidioidomycosis can cause mycotic pneumonia; cryptococcosis may affect respiratory tract, nervous system, eyes, and skin.

_______ mycoses: ________ can affect lungs, eyes, skin, and bones; ________ may disseminate in cats; coccidioidomycosis can cause mycotic pneumonia; ________ may affect respiratory tract, nervous system, eyes, and skin.

normal eye

Cornea: Comparable in dogs and humans; transparent surface with epithelium, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium.

Corneal epithelium: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with basal cells.

Corneal stroma: Thickest middle layer; made mainly of collagen/protein.

Descemet’s membrane: Thick basement membrane at the back of the cornea.

Endothelium: Single-cell layer lining the inner cornea.

______: Comparable in dogs and humans; transparent surface with epithelium, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium.

Corneal ______: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with basal cells.

Corneal ______: Thickest middle layer; made mainly of collagen/protein.

_______ membrane: Thick basement membrane at the back of the cornea.

_______: Single-cell layer lining the inner cornea.

Entropion

Ectropion

Entropion vs ectropion comparison: Entropion = eyelid turned inward; ectropion = eyelid turned outward.

Entropion vs ectropion comparison: Entropion = eyelid turned ____; ectropion = eyelid turned ______.

Trichiasis

Distichiasis

Ectopic cilia

Coloboma

Blepharitis

Hordeolum (stye)

Exophthalmos / proptosis

Enophthalmos

Hypopyon

Hypopyon color note: Pseudomonas aeruginosa can produce green pigment (pyocyanin) and foul odor; myeloperoxidase from WBCs can also contribute green color to pus.

Keratoglobus

Nystagmus

Uveitis

Keratitis

Nyctalopia

Night blindness / impaired vision in dim light; associated with vitamin A/retinol deficiency and can overlap with xerophthalmia.

• anisocoria - unequal pupil

• mydriasis - excessive dilation

• miosis - small pupil

Cataract

Nuclear sclerosis appears as a uniform haze, while cataracts may have a more localized or uneven opacity

_____ _____ appears as a uniform haze, while _____ may have a more localized or uneven opacity

Veterinarians use an ophthalmoscope (an instrument for examining the inside of the eye) to distinguish between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts. 

Veterinarians use an _______ (an instrument for examining the inside of the eye) to distinguish between nuclear sclerosis and cataracts. 

Dacryocystitis

Pannus

Strabismus

Synechia

External ear: Includes pinna/auricula and ear canal; cartilage can be hyaline and elastic and extends to the tympanic membrane.

Middle ear: Extends from tympanic membrane to auditory ossicles; contains malleus, incus, and stapes. Function is to amplify sound.

Inner ear: Lies in the temporal bone and contains endolymph-filled canals and the cochlea.

Otodectes cynotis: Ear mite of cats/dogs

Sarcoptes scabiei: Sarcoptic mange/scabies mite

Raillietia auris: Livestock ear mite

Viral ear infections

Otosclerosis: Excessive bony growth/remodeling around middle/inner ear so sound is not transmitted properly

Myringitis: Inflammation of the tympanic membrane/eardrum

Tinnitus: Perception of ringing/buzzing