Science Review 3

Epididymis

Once sperm are produced by the testes they move into and mature in the _____

Carry both semen and urine but not at the same time

The purpose of the urethra is to ____.

Hormones

The menstrual cycle is triggered each month by ___

Fallopian tube

Fertilization usually takes place in the ____

Testicles

The male hormone testosterone is produced by ______

Zygote

Fertilized egg is called ___

Scrotum

Keeps testes outside the body and below body temperature 

* One of the external male reproductive organs (external meaning outside)

Ejaculation occurs

Semen leaves the male boy when the penis erect and _____

Sperm

Name given to the male gamete?

Seminiferous tubules

Sperm production begins in the ______

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Production of testosterone in the interstitial cells is stimulated by ____

Endometrium

The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the ___.

Semen

Substance produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate gland is known as ___

Gamete

Another name for sex cell is ___

Endocrine glands

Produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, and transported by the bloodstream are

Only a neighboring cell

When a hormone is released it will have its effect at

Endocrine system

All the cells, tissues, and glands that secrete hormones are called

Gigantism

This disorder is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary

Hypothyroidism

The disorder that is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to dietary iodine deficiency is called ______

Calcitonin

Controls the calcium levels in the bloodstream

Insulin

Controls the level of sugar in the blood

Thyroid

This gland secretes thyroxine which controls iodine in the blood

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

It stimulates thyroid gland to release specific hormones

Adrenaline

Controls the “fight or flight” response of the body.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

It stimulates the adrenal gland to release specific hormones.

Oxytocin

Released by hypothalamus to control muscle contraction of uterus

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Regulates body temperature, blood pressure and water supply

Glucogen

Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

The order of its Nitrogen bases (A - T / C - G)

The genetic information in a DNA molecule is determined by ___

A phosphate group

DNA is made of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and ____

* Adenine
* Guanine
* Cytosine


* Thymine

The 4 Nitrogen bases of DNA are 

DNA to RNA to protein

By the processes of transcription and translation, the genetic information of a cell passes from:

Differences between DNA and RNA

Genes

Codons are grouped together to form ___ which are translated into one protein.

\

DNA is copied to a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) during the process of ___

T-T-G-A-A-C

A strand of DNA with the sequence A-A-C-T-T-G will produce a complementary strand during **DNA replication** 

\n

***** DNA: 

**A**pple in the **T**ree, **C**ar in the **G**arage

C-U-A-A-C

A DNA chain has the following sequence of bases: G-A-T-T-G. The matching **m-RNA strand** should have which sequence?

\n

\* m-RNA:

**A**pples are **U**nder, **C**ar in the **G**arage

Codons

Three bases are group together to form a ____

Pentose sugar, phosphate group and a base

DNA and m-RNA contain _____

Anticodon for UAG

CAU

Point mutation

Single base substitution

\
\n

64

How many different ways can 4 bases combine?

Different number of carbon

Deoxyribose (5) differs glucose (6) because

Estrogen and progesterone

2 Hormones in the ovary

Stimulates secondary sex characteristics

Function of testosterone

Stage of menstrual cycle that breaks the wall

Stage of menstrual cycle that breaks the wall

Implantation, egg implanted in the uterus

What would happen if fertilization occurs

Nucleotide structure

Formed by the condensation of the sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases

CAU UAG AUA UAU

GUA AUC UAU AUA

Make sequence coding strand

ATC GCA UAG CGU

During Translation

m RNA passes nucleus from the cell

ATC AGT CCT

TTC AGT CCT

The fertilized egg will get implanted in the uterus

What would happen inside the uterus

Glucogen will convert glycogen to glucose

Auntie she keep her lunch for a day pancreas help her body cope with low blood sugar

Hot humid day

Hot humid day

Pineal Gland

This hormone ‘melatonin’ is secreted by the gland

Testis through the vas deferens and out the urethra

Sperm travels from the _____

Spermatogenesis requires a temperature lower than the body

The testicles are located at the external part of the male body because

Seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - urethra

Correct pathway of the sperm

14 days before menstruation

Ovulation usually occurs _____

Thymine - DNA; Uracil - RNA

Nucleotide base of DNA and RNA

Contains 5 carbons

How does Deoxyribose differ from glucose?

64 ways

How many different ways can 3 of the 4 bases be combined

Luteinizing hormone

The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells is stimulated by the _____

Progesterone

Hormones works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg

mRNA

Used as template to make proteins

rRNA

Makes up ribosomes

tRNA

Matches amino acids to help make proteins

Parathyroid Hormone

It regulates the minerals in the body-calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream.

To regulate daily activities of the body and controls its overall development

Endocrine System are consists of many glands which secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to _____ and ______

Gland - Hormone

A ____ is the smallest living unit in the body that produces and releases chemical substance called _____

Negative feedback

Control system to reduce or minimize any changes or conditions of the body, which keeps the whole body system stable.

Thermostat

The Endocrine System is similar to a _____ because it may turn on when the temperature is below normal and may turn off when the temperature is above normal.

Recessive Disorders

To have an autosomal recessive disorder, **you inherit two changed genes, sometimes called mutations**. You get one from each parent. Their health is rarely affected because they have only one changed gene. Two carriers have a 25% chance of having an unaffected child with two unaffected genes (left).

Sickle cell anemia

Is a genetic blood disorder.

Tay-Sachs disease

Is characterized by the lack of an important chemical in the brain.

Phenylketonuria or PKU

Is a rare genetic disorder that can cause serious mental retardation in infants.

Cystic fibrosis

Is a disease in which some glands produce too much mucus that it clogs and damages the lungs.

Sex-linked disorders

And in humans this is the X or the Y chromosomes. And so some of the more familiar sex-linked traits are **hemophilia, red-green color blindness, congenital night blindness, some high blood pressure genes, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and also Fragile X syndrome**.

Human genetic syndrome

Genetic Disorders. Sickle Cell Disease. Cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease. Brain, Nerves and Spine.

Cri du chat

Is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosomes 5.

Is the result from the loss of a segment in chromosomes 7.

Is the result from the loss of a segment in chromosomes 7.

Down syndrome

(trisomy 21) is known as mongolism.

Edward syndrome

(trisomy 18) happens when there is an extra number 18 chromosome.

Patau’s syndrome

(trisomy13) is caused by extra copy of number 13 chromosome

Klinefelter’s syndrome

(XXY) is another genetic disorder

Turner's syndrome

Has 45 chromosomes about 96-98% with this condition do not survive at birth.

10,000

The human body contains at least ____ different kinds of proteins.

20

There are __ different amino acids (building blocks of protein)

Mutation

It is the change in genetic material

Mutagens

The different types of agents, whether they are in the form of physical or chemical that can cause the alteration of the structure or sequence of DNA

Genes

Basic unit of heredity

Insertion

Genetic material added from another chromosome

Translocation

Happens when a part of a chromosome breaks off and combined

Deletion

Happens when there is a loss of part of a chromosome

Duplication

Happens if there are extra copies of a part of a chromosome

Inversion

Happens when the direction of a part of a chromosome is reversed

Nucleobases

Base Pair