ENVI 101

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106 Terms

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Environmental Science
Study of the natural and built world and human interactions with the environment
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Ecosystem Services
Benefits provided by ecosystems, such as resource provision and biodiversity increase
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Inherent Value
Value in something because it exists
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Instrumental Value
Value because it is useful to someone
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Stewardship
Caring for the environment and how it should be managed
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Environmental Justice
Civil rights combined with environmental protection for a healthy environment for everyone
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Preservationists
Believe land should be left untouched regardless of usefulness to humans
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Conservationists
Believe land should be used wisely and scientifically for the benefit of humans
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Sustainable Development
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs
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Tragedy of the Commons
Overuse of resources due to people's selfishness and lack of consideration for others
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Property Rights
Establishing ownership to combat the tragedy of the commons
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Regulation
Imposing rules and restrictions to combat the tragedy of the commons
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Natural Experiment
Observing phenomena in its natural state
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Manipulative Experiment
Changing variables as a researcher to observe the effects
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Data
Information or measurements collected
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Sample Size
Number of observations in a study
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Sum
Total of measurements
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Mean
Average of measurements
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Standard Deviation
Measure of how much measurements deviate from the average
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Scatterplot
Graph showing relationships between factors
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Line Graph
Graph showing trends over time
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Scientific Theory
Well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world
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Reliable Science
Science that is trustworthy and based on rigorous research
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Peer Review
Process where experts evaluate the quality and validity of scientific research
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Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Element
Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
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Atom
Smallest unit of an element
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Atomic Number
Total number of protons in an atom
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Mass Number
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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Isotopes
Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
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Molecules
Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
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Organic Molecules
Carbon-based molecules
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Ions
Atoms or molecules that are electrically charged
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Carbohydrates
Sugars that provide energy and serve as building blocks
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Proteins
Molecules that provide structure and perform functions in cells
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Lipids
Fats that are hydrophobic and serve various functions
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Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store information and provide instructions for building proteins
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Energy
The ability to do work
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Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
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Potential Energy
Stored energy
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First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed
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Energy Efficiency
Measure of how much useful work is obtained from each unit of energy input
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Trophic Levels
Positions in a food chain or web
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Primary Consumers
Herbivores that eat plants
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Secondary Consumers
Carnivores that eat herbivores
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Tertiary Consumers
Carnivores that eat other carnivores
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Primary Producers
Autotrophs that convert sunlight into energy
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Scavengers
Animals that feed on dead organisms
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Detritivores
Organisms that feed on decomposing organic matter
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Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead organic matter
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Evolution
Process of genetic change in populations over time
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Natural Selection
Process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
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Charles Darwin
Scientist who proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection
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Population
Group of individuals of the same species in a specific time and place
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Genetic Diversity
Variety of genes within a population or species
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Coevolution
Simultaneous evolution of two or more species
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Predator Defenses
Adaptations that help prey avoid being eaten
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Keystone Species
Species with a large impact on the ecosystem
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Ecosystem Engineers
Species that change physical habitats and create new habitats for other species
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Species Diversity
Variety of species in an ecosystem
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Primary Productivity

Rate of biomass production through photosynthesis

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Grasses
Plants with photosynthetic tissue and minimal energy requirements for support
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Shrubs
Plants with multiple woody stems and a height under 4m
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Trees
Plants that invest more resources in stems and supporting structures, taller and access more light
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Biomes
Large-scale ecosystems characterized by distinct climate and vegetation
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Tropical Rainforest
High rainfall and temperatures, diverse plant and animal life
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Tropical Seasonal Forests
Rainy and dry seasons, trees lose leaves during drought
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Tropical Savannas and Grasslands
Minimal rainfall, grasses and some trees and shrubs, adapted to drought
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Deserts
Rare precipitation, extreme heat and cold, plants and animals adapted to arid conditions
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Temperate Grasslands
Grass-dominated areas with no extreme conditions
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Temperate Shrublands
Shrubs adapted to hot/dry summers and cooler/wetter winters
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Temperate Forests
Deciduous or coniferous forests with moderate rainfall
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Boreal Forests
Conifer-dominated forests in colder regions
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Arctic Tundra
Cold and dry, high latitudes
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Alpine Tundra
Cold and dry, high mountains
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Ecological Succession
Gradual change in species composition over time
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Primary Succession
Succession in an area with no previous biotic community
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Secondary Succession
Succession in an area that previously had life
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Density Dependent Factors
Factors that affect population size based on density, such as competition and predation
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Density Independent Factors
Factors that affect population size regardless of density, such as temperature and habitat destruction
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R-strategists
Species that produce many offspring with few resources invested in each
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K-strategists
Species that produce few offspring with significant resources invested in each
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Risk
Possibility of suffering harm or loss
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Risk Assessment
Process of estimating the threat that hazards pose to human health
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Precautionary Principle
Policy approach that emphasizes caution in the face of uncertainty and potential harm
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Population Change
Difference between birth rate and death rate, plus or minus net migration
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Fertility
Average number of children born to women of childbearing age
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Demographic Transition
Hypothesis that societies transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they industrialize
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Life Expectancy
Average number of years a person can be expected to live
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Age Structure Diagram
Graph showing the distribution of age groups in a population
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Infant Mortality Rate
Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births
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Environmental Health
External factors that cause disease and impact human health
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Zoonotic Diseases
Diseases that jump from animals to humans
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Antibiotic Resistance
Ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics
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Environmental Toxicology
Study of toxic substances and their effects on living organisms and ecosystems
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Exposure
Contact with a toxic substance
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Response
Symptoms or effects resulting from exposure to a toxic substance
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Bioaccumulation
Increase in the concentration of contaminants in the tissues of organisms
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Biomagnification
Increase in the concentration of contaminants at higher trophic levels
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Toxicity
Degree to which a substance can harm living organisms