Bio Lab Final LSU

eyewash, fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, and safety goggles

Safety issues: What equipment?

food, drink, gum

No ____, _____, or ___ allowed in lab!

close

_____-toed shoes are required!

science

_______ refers to a system of acquiring knowledge; also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system

observation, model, hypothesis, test

Scientific model: ___________->_____->_________->____

hypothesis

__________ is based on a model; explanation that has been tested either not at all or a couple of times.

theory

______ has been tested many, many times and has been proven every time

null

(Null/Alternative) hypothesis: No difference in control and experimental groups

alternative

(Null/Alternative) hypothesis: There is difference in control and experimental groups

volumetric

Pipet: Designed to deliver a single volume (ex. 5 mL)

mohr

Pipet: Graduated, but stop at a baseline, before the pipet begins to narrow

serological

Pipet: Graduated to deliver (there is no base mark); the liquid in the tip counts!

pi-pumps

What items are used to fill pipets?

mechanical; micropipets

Pipet: Used for small volume transfers (less than 1 mL)

catalysts

What increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed during the process?

lower activation energy, increase rate of reaction

What is the function of enzymes?

activation energy

The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to take place...

ase

Enzyme (protein) names end in -____

Measure the increase in product, Measure the decrease in substrate

How do you determine the rate of an enzyme?

yellow, brown

What color is benzoquinone? what color does it change to?

colorless

What color is catechol?

potato extract

In the experiment, what was the catechol oxidase?

A sample that contains all the components of the solution except the absorbing molecule

What is a blank?

1 mL potato extract, 8 mL water

What was in the blank in the enzyme experiment?

1 mL potato extract, 3 mL water, 5 mL substrate

What was in the sample in the enzyme experiment?

catechol

What was the substrate for the enzyme experiment?

y axis

Dependent variable is on the (X/Y) axis?

x axis

Independent variable is on the (X/Y) axis?

concentration

Dependent variable for the enzyme experiment?

time

Independent variable for the enzyme experiment?

proteins

What form do enzymes usually come in?

benzoquinone

In the enzyme experiment, catechol was converted to what?

fermentation

Processing organic nutrients and produce energy in the absence of oxygen is called what?

NAD, pyruvate, lactate, ethanol, carbon dioxide

Fermentation regenerates _____ from ________ to produce _____ or ______ and ______ _______

carbon dioxide, oxygen, sugars

Photosynthesis rate can be measured by the consumption of ______ _______, release of ______ or ______ formed

carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH, sugars

The Calvin cycle uses _____ ______ from the atmosphere, and ____ and ______ from light reactions to produce _____

water, oxygen

Light reactions split _____ and release ____ as a by-productt

calvin cycle, light reactions

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide, organic biomolecules

During photosynthesis, ____ _____ is fixed to produce _______ ________

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, carotenes

Most plants' chloroplasts contain which photosynthetic pigments?

oxygen, carbohydrate

Photosynthesis produces and respiration uses: _______ and __________

water, carbon dioxide

Respiration produces and photosynthesis uses: ______ and _____ _______

paper

Paper chromatography: stationary phase: ?

the solvent

Paper chromatography: mobile phase: ?

polar

Peper chromatography: paper is (polar/nonpolar)

thylakoid membranes

Where are pigments in a plant located?

xanthophylls, carotenes

Which two pigments are very nonpolar?

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

Which two pigments are large molecules with a central core or magnesium?

chromatography

How can you separate and observe pigments?

carotene, xanthophyl, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

In the light and photosynthetic pigments experiment, what was the order of pigments on the paper starting from the top and going to the bottom of the paper?

cellular respiration, photosynthesis

What metabolic processes impact the amount of O2 released from a leaf?

cellular respiration and photosynthesis occurring at the same time

What does net photosynthesis result from?

oxygen

Plants can produce ______ during photosynthesis and use _____ during respiration.

glucose, pyruvates, ATP, NADH

Glycolysis converts ______ to two _____ and generates two ____ and two molecules of _____

aerobic

presence of oxygen=(anaerobic/aerobic)

anaerobic

absence of oxygen=(anaerobic/aerobic)

lactate fermentation

What anaerobic process results in the formation of lactate?

ethanol, carbon dioxide, alcohol fermentation

In yeast and most plant cells, pyruvate is converted to _____ and _____ ______ (process called ______ _______)

glucose, fructose

sucrose=______+______

glucose, galactose

lactose=______+______

lactaid

______ breaks down lactose

RNA polymerase

Transcription is carried out by ___ __________

ribosomes

Translation is performed on _______

DNA polymerase

Replication is carried out by ___ _________

2

A-T= how many H-bonds?

3

C-G=how many H-bonds?

mutation

what is a change in the dna sequence?

plasmids

_______ are small, circular DNA molecules.

gel

molecular biology: stationary phase: ?

electric field

molecular biology: mobile phase: ?

neg

DNA has a (pos/neg) charge

agarose

What type of gel was used in the molecular biology experiment?

SYBR-green

What type of dye was used in the molecular biology experiment?

blue, green

SYBR-green absorbs _____ light and emits ____ light.

DNA

What is the most common type of genetic material?

Positive

Will DNA move toward a positive electrode or neg?

UV light

How do you view DNA on gel?

smallest

Molecular biology: (smallest/largest) molecules will move the furthest

carbon dioxide, lactose

What are the products of fermentation?

NADH, pyruvate

_____ and _______ formed during glycolysis are used to carry out fermentation by yeast.

a spectroscope allows you to see which wavelengths (colors) are transmitted and absorbed; a spectrophotometer measures the absorbency level based on different wavelengths and gives numbers

What is/are the difference(s) between a spectroscope and a spectrophotometer?

standard deviation

Error bars are made using which numbers?

mean

____ is the average of a set of data points

standard deviation

What word describes the value which describes how much the data spreads from the mean?

molarity

What unit is used for concentration?

y

The variable that you measured is plotted on the (X/Y) axis

1

How many variables should you be manipulating during an experiment?

mass of fruit produced

The manufacturers of Tomato-Maker Fertilizer® claim that their fertilizer will increase the productivity of tomatoes (fruits) if used as directed. To test this, a researcher applied the fertilizer to tomato plants over the course of 10 weeks. Productivity was determined by the mass (grams) of the fruits produced. Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.

hemolysis

When red blood cells rupture, it is known as _________

false

The leaves of most plants absorb green light. (T/F)

spectroscope

A device useful for viewing the spectrum of light is a __________

the amount of carbon dioxide produced

The Qubit System allows us to conveniently determine the rate of fermentation by measuring what?

gel electrophoresis

The technique of ____________ separates DNA fragments according to size because the negatively charged DNA is pushed through a matrix by a negative charge and pulled by a positive charge.

more

In a hypotonic solution there is (more/less mass)

less

In a hyertonic solution there is (more/less)

non-polar, hydrophobic

The more (polar/non-polar) or (hydrophobic/hydrophillic) a molecule is the faster it passes through the membrane

osmosis

What is the net movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential?

diffusion

What is the passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration?

high, low

In osmosis, molecules move from an area of (high/low) concentration to an area of (high/low) concentration.

high

Hypertonic Solution: contains a (high/low/equal) solute concentration relative to another solution.