Case studies - patho exam #1

Which one of the following is the cause of most non gonococcal urethritis in males:

A. salmonella enterica

B. Chlamydia trachomatis

C. Mycobacterium avium

D. Herpes simplex

B. Chlamydia trachomatis

True or false: the number of pathogens entering the body has little to do with whether or not infection develops

false

True or false: clostridium difficile, the pathogen of pseudomembranous colitis, is a normal inhabitant of the colon

true

True or false: a carrier is a reservoir of infectious pathogens

true

True or false: pyogenic inflammation is characterized by marked numbers of lymphocytes in the inflamed tissue

false

Plague

rodent fleas

Amebiasis

tropical, fecal contamination of food

Schistosomiasis

fluke, blood worms

WHich one of the following have a cell wall and DNA but have no nucleus:

A. prions

B. bacteria

C. viruses

D. helminths

Bacteria

WHich one of the following means hospital acquired:

A. contagious

B. Nosocomial

C. Endemic

D. Fomite

B. Nosocomial

Which one of the following is a deep mycosis:

A. tuberculosis

B. Reiter syndrome

C. Schistosomiasis

D. Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis

Which one of the following is transmitted sexually:

A. condyloma acuminatum

B. malaria

C. leprosy

D. cytomegalic inclusion disease

A. condyloma acuminatum

Which of the following is an example of clinical pathology:

A. Study of a breast biopsy specimen

B. Study of blood glucose level patterns

C. An autopsy

B. Study of blood glucose level patterns

Which of the following is a functional disorder:

A. Myocardial infarct

B. Bacterial endocarditis

C. Congestive Heart failure

C. Congestive Heart failure

Which of the following is the more sensitive test:

A. relatively large number of false positive results

B. low number of positive results

C. High number of false negative results

relatively large number of false positive results

True or false? healthy people may have abnormal test results

true

True or false? the prevalence of a disease is the number of new cases that appear each year

false

True or false? the best way to use diagnostic tests is the start with sensitive tests and follow with specific tests

true

Which of the following is composed of nucleotide bases:

A. DNA

B. MRNA

C. TRNA

D. RNA

E. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of apoptosis:

A. it is reversible

B. it is natural

C. it is caused by injury

D. it features fat accumulation in cells

B it is natural

Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury:

A. physical action

B. toxic molecular injury

C. ionizing radiation

D. hypoxia

D hxpoxia

True or false? Hemosiderin is a normal iron storage molecule that may accumulate in cells

true

True or false? Hypertrophy is increased number of cells

false

true or false? Metaplasia is a reversible change of cell type

True

Which of the following is an example of osmotic edema:

A. inflammation

B. lymphatic obstruction

C. severe proteinuria

D. Varicose veins

C severe proteinuria

Which of the following is an example of hyperemia? excess blood in vessels because of:

A. varicose veins

B. Inflammation

C. Congestive heart failure

D. low osmotic pressure

A varicose veins

Which one of the following is found in a thrombus but not a clot:

A. fibrin

B. Red blood cells

C. internal Architecture

D. edema

C internal architecture

true or false: thrombi are always pathologic

true

True or false: Necrosis always follows arterial occlusion

False

True or false: cardiogenic shock is characterized by blood loss or vasodilation

false - pump failure

acute injury is characterized by which one of the following?

A. lymphocytic cellular infiltrate

B. Immune reaction

C. Neutrophilic cellular infiltrate

D. Scarring

C. Neutrophilic cellular infiltrate

The principal job of neutrophils in inflammation is which one of the following:

A. phagocytosis

B. apoptosis

C. Secretion of histamine and serotonin

D. The production of fever

A. phagocytosis

Edema is acute inflammation is mainly the result of which one of the following:

A. accumulation of neutrophils

B. Plasma leaking from capillaries

C. Fluid liberated from dead cells

D. Increased fibrinogen

A. accumulation of neutrophils

Pyogenic inflammation is characterized by which one of the following:

A. dense infiltrates of lymphocytes

B. Accumulations of pus

C. Marked angiogenesis

D. Scar formation

B. Accumulations of pus

The most important cell in chronic inflammation is which one of the following:

A. macrophage

B. Lymphocyte

C. giant cell

D. Eosinophil

A. macrophage

True or false? acute inflammation occurs with short term injury

true

True or false? chronic inflammation is characterized by an infiltrate of macrophages and lymphocytes

true

True or false? Macrophages control most of the exchange of substances between blood and tissue

False

True or false? parasites that invade tissue usually produce an eosinophil reaction

True

True or false? persistent infection by microorganisms is one cause of chronic inflammation

True

Repair

bodys collective attempt to restore normal structure and function

Regeneration

complete or nearly complete restoration of normal anatomy by the regrowth of normal parenchymal cells

Healing

Occurs when regeneration is partial or not possible, tissue gets mended by scarring

Tissues not capable of regeneration

brain

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

Labile cells

continuous reproduction

bone marrow

epidermis

gastrointestinal epidermis

bronchial epidermis

Stable cells

reproduce slowly

liver

kidney

Permanent cells

do not divide and last a lifetime

brain

heart muscle

skeletal muscle

Endocrine

secrete hormone into blood

Paracrine

secrete substance that will communicate with cell

autocrine

cell can release substances that will turn around and affect the cell

Cell migration

1. inflammation
2. fibrocyte migration
3. Angiogenesis
4. fibrocyte proliferation
5. granulation tissue
6. Collagen accumulation

Angioneogenesis

growth of new blood vessels into a wound

First intention

small narrow wounds usually in less than a week, leave a small scar

Second intention

large wounds heal, takes several weeks to heal and leave a larger scar

most common Host factor interfering with wound healing

Infection

Keloid formation

hyperplastic scar

Hemangioma

made of extra blood vessels in the skin

Which of the following is composed of permanent cells incapable of regeneration:

A. heart

B. epidermis

C. liver

D. gastrointestinal epithelium

heart

WHich one of the following wounds can be completely repaired by regeneration:

A. myocardial infarct

B. Second degree skin burn

C. Surgical incision

D. brain injury

B. Second degree skin burn

Which one of the following occurs first in fibrous repair:

A. angionegensis

B. Collagen deposition

C. Cell migration and proliferation

D. Remodeling

Cell migration and proliferation

Which one of the following is the most common cause of impaired wound healing:

A. poor nutrition

B. Poor blood supplu

C. Mechanical factors

D. infection

infection

True or false: stem cells are found in labile tissue but not in stable and permanent tissue

true

True or false: cell growth factors originated mainly from blood plasma

false

True or false: the main components of granulation tissue are capillaries and fibroblastic tissue

true

true or false: a surgical wound obtains its maximum repaired strength by the end of the first month

false

Etiology

cause

Pathogenesis

history of disease

Idiopathic

Unknown cause

Iatrogenic

cause is medical diagnosis

Pathology

study of changes in the bodily structure

Pathophysiology

incorrect function is expressed

Lesion

structural abnormality produced by injury

What is an example od anatomical pathology

autopsy

Symptoms

patient complaints

Signs

observations

Syndromes

collections of signs and symptoms

Haploid

23 chromosomes

Diploid

46 chromosomes

Hypoxia

lack of oxygen in cells

ischemia

blood flow is restricted

Apoptosis

natural cell death

inflammation

bodys response to injury

Acute inflammation

* hours - days
* Phagocytosis
* Neutrophils

Neutrophils

60-70%

degranulation

Chronic inflammation

* weeks - years
* macrophages
* lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

25%

no granules

made in bone marrow

chronic inflammation

B cells

T cells

B cells

in the blood

T cells

in the thymus

Kupffer cell

in the liver

Microglia cell

in the brain

Basophils

blue

Eosinophils

2-4%

red

have granules against parasites

hematoxylin

blue - purple

Clotting coagulation system

can eneter tissue post injury

complement system

vasodilate and attract WBCs

Kinin system

increase permeability and endothelium

Initial biological response to acute inflammation

vasodilation

Initial biological response to chronic inflammation

macrophages

emphysemas

collection of pus

malaise

feeling of discomfort