Unit 1 AP HUG

cartographer

mapmaker

data aggregation

the process of collecting/organizing larg amounts of information. Used to create maps

spacial perspective

the outlook that seeeks to identify and explain the use of space

spacial patterns

the arrangement of phenemenon on Earth

density: how many things are arranged in a space

Concentration: how closely things are arranged together, how unevenly

Pattern: the arrangement of the objects

types of spacial patterns

clustered: clumped together

dispersed: spread apart

random: no clear organization

time distance decay

near things are more related; the interaction of two places decreases the farther apart they are as people are less likely to travel long distances. First law of geography

map symbols

graphic images that help organize material on a map

legend

box in a corner of a map to explain the meanings of map symbols/colors

compass rose

drawing to show the map’s orientation and North, East, South, and WestAbo

Absolution direction

direction based on the cardinal directions used for navigation and orientation.

relative direction

direction described as positions(behind the shop, left of the statue, etc.)

relative distance

measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between two places

map scale

how distance on a map relates to the distance in real space

scale

the territorial extent of an object. smal scale is more zoomed out and shows less detail

elavation

distance above sea level

contour lines

show elevation by connecting points with same elevation or using darker/lighter colors

Main map types

reference maps: show geographic locations

Thematic maps: show spatial patterns and statisitcs. shows the “data”

Types of reference maps

topographic maps: 3D representation fo EArth’s surface showing natural/physicla features like elevation

Political maps: show borders

Physical maps: show natural phenemenon

Show roads

Types of thematic maps

Isolines: connect points with the same values

Choropleth maps: use color

Cartograms: distorts the geographic size of an area to show the size of a specific variable

Proporational/Graduated symbol maps: show symbosl of different sizes to represent numeric values

dot density/distribution maps: show dots to represent data( one to one maps or one to many maps)

What are map projections and why are they always false

They represent the spherical surface of Earth on a 2D surface. But they always distort one or multiple elements because you cannot represent a spherical shape on a flat surface.

Types of projections

Mercator: shows true compass bearing direction. But the size of the continents are only true along the equator and it becomes more distorted on higher and lower latitudes

Peter’s: equal-area map. Shows all landmasses with their true size but vastly distorts shape

Goode-Homolosine: equal area map with no shape distortion. But it splits oceans

Polar: looks down on Earth from the Poles. Used during the Cold War to compare the US and the Soviet Union. Does not have to be centered on the poles. But landmasses are too big near the poles and distortion increases away from the poles

Robinson: sides are rounded. Aims to keep distortion low but cannot eliminate it

Geography was a term coined by what group?

Greeks

Geographic/geospatial data

identify the locations of features on Earth’s surface. Can be physical or man-made and can cover a small or large area

What are geographer data gathers? Types?

They collect data to find information about human activity and its effects on the physical environment.

Individual data gathers: individuals who gather data or a research project(make their data available on scholarly journals or online) or to help communities(town needs help knowing if an intersection needs a traffic camera)

Organizations: larger budget co collet data and more resources/access to sophisticated data collection techniques. EX US Census Bureau that use censuses: official counts/surveys of the populations every 10 years beginning in 1790. EX private businesses or research institutions

Ways to collect data

Landscape analysis: dscribing the shape of the land and human impact on that land

Photographic interperation: identify photos and their significance

Interview and surveys

Mechanical devices(devices to measure car speed)

Info already availabel(media reports, goverment data, travel narratives)

Fieldwork: learning and doing reserach invovleing first hand experience

Longititude and latitude to make an Earth mapping system

Longitude and latitude

Longitude: vertical lines connecting the poles, not parrallel. Is 0 degrees at the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England. Every 15 degrees is a new time zone

Latitude: horizontal lines parallel to the equator.

Absolute location

precise position on Earth using latitude and longitude

Geospatial tech

equipment/software used to measure and anazlyze Earth’s land and featuresG

GPS

global positioning system. A system fo staellites orbiting Earth that transmit info to Earth to determien absolute direction. Used by most map-based apps

GIS

A software that stores, checks, and displays data related to poisitions on Earth’s sytem. Quickly manipulates geospatial data

Remote sensing

Scanning the earth

Aerial photography: pics from high flying aircraft or drones. Produces high resolution, highly detailed photos that have a larger scale compared to satellite imagery

Satellite imagery: taken from satellites. Can show what' isnt visible to the eyes. Small scale

relative location

position of something in relation to another in time or distance

space

location with no cultural meaning

Place

When a space gains cultural meaning and you become emotional tied to it. How we modify space based on who we are as people(in a process known as placemaking) which creates diversity

cultural landscape

built forms created by cultural groups(farm fields, houses) and the values and experiences associated with them

time-space compression

decreasing relative distance between places based on travel time and cost due to improving technology

interdependence

when countries/regions depend on each other for resources, people, o goods which creates ties that, over time, establishes a global econimc system not necessarily based on equality

geogrpahic processes

physicla and uman forces that work together to form and transform the world

Main types of diffusion

Expansion: when ideas/practices spread through a population in a snowballing effect(knowers increase while the knowledge stays strong in the OG spot)

Relocation: when the group of individuals with an idea or practice migrate to a new place and bring those with themTyp

Types of expansion diffusion

hierarchichal: ideas leapfrog from important people or hubs while skipping other groups before spreading everywhere

reverse hierarchical: ideas leapfrog from a lower level until it reaches the higher level

Contagious: the quick spread of ideas through all groups of people. “going viral”

Stimulus: the idea is changed slightly but the underlying concept remains the same

Independent invention:

an innovation is developed at the same time but by different people independent of each other

friction of distance

distance inhibted the intensity/volume of most human interacitons before technology. Essentially, this difficulty created a friction that discouraged interaction. diminished by time-space compression but still in place

flow

the movement of people, ideas, and things from one place to another. Became faster/less expensive due to tech. diffusoin is a type of flow

ecology

a biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment

culturla ecology

the study of the interactions between societies and their local environment

ecosystem

a territorially bound system consisting of the interactions between humans and their environment

environment preception

the mental images that make up a human’s perception of nature. May be inaccurate

natural hazards

physical dangers in the environment

How does human behavior influence natural hazards?

The dangerous of natural hazards are forgotten because the last hazard was a long time ago

human made hazards intensify natural hazards

Ignoring warnings to not live there

tsunamis

huge ocean waves produced by a displacement of a lot of water; usually caused by earthquakes

natural resources

materials in nature that can be used for economic gain`

nonrenwable vs renewable resources

Nonrenewable: available in finite quantities(EX nuclear energy even though it is the safest and most cost efficient energy)

Renewable: plentiful resources that the Earth will naturally replenish

greenhouse gases

compounds in Earth’s atmopshere released from fossil-fuel combustion that absorb and trap heat close to Earth’s surface

Greenhouse effect

global warming trend caused by rising levels of CO2

Environmental Determinism

idea from the late 19th and early 20th century that the physical environment is the main force shaping cultures. similar environments-similar cultures. Humans will not live anywhere too hot, cold, dry, wet or mountainous. But the belief is mostly false

Possibilism

Idea from after the 1920s that any physical environment offers many ways for a society to develop; humans can find ways to overcome any environmental challenge.

Culture is mostly shaped by choices made by people and only partially shaped by the physical environment

The greater the society’s level of technological advancement= the greater number of possibilites offered by the environment an the weaker influence by the physical environment

Different scales that geographic phenomena can be analyzed and what they are useful for.

Scale vs scale of analysis

Global scale: shows the entire world(important because globalization has made the whole world interconnected. A problem in one place most often is connected to the problems in the rest of the world)

Regional scale of analysis: specific regions(used to compare different regions). The entire region is colored the same

National scale of analysis: countries(to analyze why 2 countries in the same region differ). Different countries are colored differently

Local scale of analysis: states, provinces, towns/cities, or neighborhoods

Scale is how zoomed out it is: EX small scale or global scale(zoomed out to show the entire world)

Scale of analysis: what is actually being analyzed. EX a global scale of analysis will have no country borders while a national scale of analysis will show country borders.

Glocal perspective/glocalization

A perspective that tacknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns

Global-scale processes affect those at the local scale and global-scale processes start as local scale ones

EX: global scale pollution needs local solutions

Glocalization: when business is conducted to meet both global and local needs

sustainability

serving people’s current needs without compromising the needs of future generations. This is a problem mostly for developed countries in the modern day due to overconsumption

region

a geographical unit based on common characteristics or fuctions

Main types of regions. Do not elaborate yet

formal/homogenous/uniform region

functional region

perpetual/vernacular region

Formal/homogenous/uniform region

An area inhabitated by people with common traits(language, religion, livelihood, lifestyle); uniform in regard to cultural traits

Must have boundaries but they will change based on what traits geographers choose to classify by.There are an infinite number of formal regions that can be made

Examples: countries because they have real borders and share similiarities

Border zone

a region where cultural markers overlap and blend into a recognizable border culture(EG Texas Mexico border is called Tex-Mex)

Functional region

an area that is organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit(eg states/provinces) that is organized around a central node. The surrounding area is connected to the central node through an economic activity like trade, communication, or transportation. EX metropolitan area, broadcast range of a TV station

Nodes

central points where functional regions are coordinated/directed(Ex city halls, capitals

Metropolitan areas

have heavily populated urban cores but less populated surrounding areas. Both areas are interconnected(EX big cities have metro areas that use public transport that bring people farther from the center into the center to work). Type of functional region

Perceptual/vernacular region

Area percieved to exist by its inhabitants, based on widespread acceptance and use of a unique regional name(name is used in everyday speech but not formally in documents). Often lacks organization but comes from a sense of belonging. This makes it more meaningful to its inhabitants compared to formal/functional regions

mental map

a personal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface. Reveals sense of place and activity space(EX draw a mental map of your route from home to school) Encompasses physical characteristics and emotional feelings you have to a place. Constantly changing as you gain new knowledge

Sense of place

how a person feels about aplace adn why it’s importat to them

activity space

where a person goes on a daily day-to-day basis

Regional identity

the awareness of belonging to a group fo people within a region(EX identifying as a Southerner either because you live there or have Southern culture- drink sweet tea and eat fried green tomatoes)

contested boundaries

boundaries disputed because of religious, political, or cultural regions

Regional analysis

different than regional scale/scale of analysis. Analysis based on formal, functional and vernacular regions at different scales

qualitative vs quantitative data

Qualitative: subjective- usually deals with words

Quantiative: objective- typically numerical values

subregion

regions that share common characteristics with the rest of the larger region but are distinctive in some way

World systems Theory? Core, semi-periphery, periphery countries

World system theory: the idea that the entire world functions as a single, interdependent capitalist country based on a division of labor that splits the world in core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.

Core countries: wealthy, industrialized nations at the center of the world’s economy. Has high technology, lots of capital production, and control over the global market

Semi-periphery countries: Countries that are in between core and periphery countries. Has significant industrialization and high population but has lots of internal inequality and external dependency.

periphery countries: